国际白塞病关爱日:白塞病新药进展

2022-05-20 风湿界 风湿界

白塞综合征(BS)又称白塞病(BD),是一种多系统性血管炎,主要表现为口腔和生殖器溃疡、丘疹性和结节性皮肤病变、关节炎、葡萄膜炎、静脉和动脉血栓形成、动脉瘤、中枢神经系统病变和胃肠道溃疡等,主要分布于

白塞综合征(BS)又称白塞病(BD),是一种多系统性血管炎,主要表现为口腔和生殖器溃疡、丘疹性和结节性皮肤病变、关节炎、葡萄膜炎、静脉和动脉血栓形成、动脉瘤、中枢神经系统病变和胃肠道溃疡等,主要分布于古丝绸之路,其确切发病机制尚不清楚。据统计,我国约有20万BS患者,男女比例接近1:1。

目前BS尚无统一的治疗策略,各国指南大多根据不同系统受累推荐治疗药物。目前用于治疗BS的药物包括糖皮质激素、沙利度胺、硫唑嘌呤、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α拮抗剂等,但已有的这些药物仍然不能满足全部的诊疗需求。今天我们就来关注一下有关BS治疗新药物的临床研究进展。

阿普斯特

2019年美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准使用口服磷酸二酯酶-4选择性抑制剂阿普斯特(apremilast)治疗与BS相关的口腔溃疡,使其成为美国有史以来第一个获得许可的用于治疗白塞病口腔溃疡的药物,近年来关于这个药物治疗BS的临床研究越来越多。

一项纳入39名BS患者的Ⅲ期随机、安慰剂对照、双盲研究的亚组分析评估了阿普斯特对日本患者的效果[1],证实阿普司特可减少日本BS亚组的口腔溃疡数量和总体疾病活动。患者随机分配至阿普斯特组(30mg,每日2次;n=19)或安慰剂组(n=20),主要终点为12周时口腔溃疡数量的曲线下面积(AUCWk0-12),次要终点是口腔溃疡疼痛、口腔溃疡完全消退、疾病活动度和疾病的测量较基线的变化。在第12周时,与安慰剂组相比,阿普斯特组患者口腔溃疡数量显著减少(图1),疼痛明显减轻(图2),实现口腔溃疡完全治愈的患者更多(57.9% vs 25.0%),且BS疾病活动评分较基线显著降低(-10.5 vs 0.5),生活质量也得到改善。

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图1日本亚组在12周安慰剂对照期间的口腔溃疡数量

 

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图2日本亚组在12周安慰剂对照期间口腔溃疡疼痛

(100-mm VAS)的变化

另一项Ⅲ期、双盲、安慰剂对照的研究[2]评估了阿普斯特治疗BS相关口腔溃疡长达64周的疗效和安全性。BS患者随机分配至安慰剂或阿普司特30mg组,所有患者接受治疗至第64周,并在治疗停止后4周随访。研究共纳入207名参与者,其中143人完成第64周的治疗。结果显示,与安慰剂相比,阿普斯特的AUCWk0-12显著降低(P<0.0001),口腔溃疡数量、疼痛、完全/部分反应、疾病活动和生活质量在第12周显示出改善,且一直持续到第64周。在研究期间,未观察到阿普斯特新的安全问题。以上数据表明,阿普斯特持续治疗BS相关口腔溃疡耐受性和安全性良好。

JAK抑制剂

BS作为变异性血管炎的代表性疾病,被认为与许多炎性通路密切相关。鉴于JAK-STAT(Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription)通路在多种细胞因子分泌和生物学效应中参与了免疫系统多个环节和过程,在血管炎的发生发展过程中起到了重要作用,因此JAK抑制剂可能会在BS中发挥作用。

目前JAK抑制剂治疗BS的文献很少,北京协和医院郑文洁团队于2020年发表文献[3]介绍了托法替布治疗BS心脏大血管受累的疗效和安全性。研究共纳入了5例经激素联合多种免疫抑制剂疗效不佳后加用托法替布5~10mg/天的患者(表1),平均随访10.6个月,临床症状均有改善,炎症指标减低,同时激素量也得以减少,认为托法替布可以帮助稳定BS合并难治性大血管受累病情,同时帮助减少激素用量。

表1 大血管/心脏受累白塞病患者的临床特征

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另一项研究[4]对13位难治性BS患者使用托法替布治疗后的效果进行了总结,发现在平均随访8个月后BS活动指数显著改善,炎症指标明显降低,激素使用量也减少。

 

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图3 托法替布对BS患者的疗效

注:(A)疾病活动评分(BDCAF 2006)较基线的变化(P=0.002);(B)BS 三种临床表型的结果;(C)和(D)托法替布治疗期间红细胞沉降率(ESR)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化

但是JAK抑制剂治疗BS仍缺乏大样本量尤其是随机对照试验的证实,其是针对所有症状还是仅针对某一系统有效需要更多的病例数据来证实。

生物制剂之新型药物崭露头角

在备受瞩目的生物制剂方面,抗TNF药物目前占据着BS治疗的主要位置,但考虑到部分患者可能对于TNF-α抑制剂无效或存在使用禁忌,寻找新的治疗靶点也是目前风湿病学专家的任务之一。

针对白介素(IL)-17的治疗策略也被认为可能对BS有效。IL-17抑制剂目前在强直性脊柱炎(AS)和银屑病之中取得了巨大的成功。2019年一项回顾性分析分析了5名使用司库奇尤单抗的BS患者的治疗效果,结果发现司库奇尤单抗150mg/月和300mg/月改善了以往难治的皮肤黏膜表现,而300mg/月更具有优越优势。

一项多中心回顾性研究[5]对15例用秋水仙碱、改善病情抗风湿药(DMARDs)和至少一种抗TNF-α药物治疗无效的BS患者进行了研究,最低随访时间为6个月。其中6例多关节受累患者接受司库奇尤单抗300mg/月的治疗,而其他患者接受150mg/月的治疗,疗效评估基于过去28天内口腔溃疡的数量和关节表现的疾病活动评分-28。在3个月的随访中,9例(66.7%)患者获得了缓解(完全或部分),该比例在6个月时进一步增加到86.7%,12个月时达到76.9%,18个月时达到90.0%,24个月后达到100.0%(图4)。

值得注意的是,所有开始使用300mg/月的患者在6个月获得完全缓解。7例(46.7%)患者只有在转向更高剂量后才能获得反应。这项研究表明,对于具有黏膜和关节表型的难治性BS患者,库奇尤单抗安全有效,临床可考虑使用司库奇尤单抗进行表型定制治疗。

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图4 随访期间患者对治疗反应的示意图

目前尚无大规模的临床研究和随机对照试验证实司库奇尤单抗的疗效,而且从已有的研究来看,目前的治疗剂量大多为150mg和300mg/月,这与在AS和银屑病中的用法差距甚大,后期临床试验会进一步确定适合BS患者的最佳治疗剂量。

乌司奴单抗是一种针对IL-12和IL-23的人源化单克隆抗体,一项纳入30名对秋水仙碱耐药且伴活动性口腔溃疡BS患者的多中心、前瞻性、开放标签的研究[6]评估了乌司奴单抗对BS的疗效。入组患者在第0周和第4周接受皮下注射90mg乌司奴单抗,然后每12周治疗一次。纵向评估每位患者口腔溃疡的数量,并计算口腔溃疡的中位数[四分位数范围(IQR)]。主要疗效终点是在第12周时实现完全缓解(定义为无口腔溃疡)的患者比例。结果显示,乌司奴单抗治疗12周后,每位患者口腔溃疡的中位数量显著低于基线(P<0.0001), 其中18例(60%)患者达到完全缓解,9例(30%)患者达到部分缓解,3例(10%)患者无缓解(表2)。此外,在12周时,BS疾病活动评分较基线显著降低(P<0.0001)。

表2 乌司奴单抗对BS相关口腔溃疡的疗效

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另一项纳入14名对秋水仙碱耐药且伴活动性口腔溃疡BS患者的研究[7]也评估了乌司奴单抗对BS患者的治疗效果,结果显示,在12周时,64%的患者达到完全缓解,21%达到部分缓解,14%无应答,口腔溃疡的中位数量和BS疾病活动评分较基线显著降低(图5)。综上所述,乌司奴单抗对难治性BS患者有效。

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图5接受乌司奴单抗治疗的患者口腔溃疡的平均数量(A)和

BS活动评分 (B) 

总体而言,不断有新药在治疗BS的舞台上发挥越来越重要的作用,让患者未来有了更多的选择,但高质量循证医学证据仍然缺乏,且这些药物的最佳治疗人群尚不清楚,希望未来有更多更好的研究结果能够将精准医疗应用于BS,让更多患者获益。

参考文献:

1.Takeno Mitsuhiro,Dobashi Hiroaki,Tanaka Yoshiya et al. Apremilast in a Japanese subgroup with Behçet's syndrome: Results from a Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.[J] .Mod Rheumatol, 2022, 32: 413-421.

2.Hatemi Gülen,Mahr Alfred,Takeno Mitsuhiro et al. Apremilast for oral ulcers associated with active Behçet's syndrome over 68 weeks: long-term results from a phase 3 randomised clinical trial.[J] .Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2021, null: 80-87.

3.刘金晶,孙鹿希,侯云霞,李璐,李菁,田新平,郑文洁.托法替布治疗白塞病心脏大血管受累的疗效及安全性[J].中华临床免疫和变态反应杂志,2020,14(2):111-117

4.Jinjing,Liu,Yunxia,Hou,Luxi,Sun et al.A pilot study of tofacitinib for refractory Behçet's syndrome.[J].Annals of the rheumatic diseases,2020,79(11):1517-1520.

5.Fagni Filippo,Bettiol Alessandra,Talarico Rosaria et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of secukinumab for treatment of refractory mucosal and articular Behçet's phenotype: a multicentre study.[J] .Ann Rheum Dis, 2020, 79: 1098-1104.

6.Mirouse Adrien,Barete Stéphane,Desbois Anne-Claire et al. Long-Term Outcome of Ustekinumab Therapy for Behçet's Disease.[J] .Arthritis Rheumatol, 2019, 71: 1727-1732.

7.Mirouse Adrien,Barete Stéphane,Monfort Jean-Benoît et al. Ustekinumab for Behçet's disease.[J] .J Autoimmun, 2017, 82: 41-46.

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    2022-12-07 ms3000002106324246 来自四川省
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    2022-05-20 ms6000000960504356

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