Gut Microbes:剖宫产抗生素预防时机对足月儿肠道菌群发育至关重要

2022-03-01 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

全世界剖宫产出生的婴儿数量越来越多,该研究表明抗菌药物预防的时机对于足月出生婴儿的早期微生物组植入至关重要,尖端的多组学技术和系统生物学方法可以帮助重新审视以前的抗菌药物预防时机的风险-效益分析。

     全世界剖宫产(CS)出生的婴儿数量越来越多,占所有新生儿的21.1%,在德国,2019年的CS率为31.66%,作为所有外科手术,CS可能因手术部位感染而复杂化,例如影响2%至7%女性的伤口并发症和2%至16%接受CS的子宫内膜炎。因此,手术抗菌药物预防是CS的标准治疗方法,可将母亲的感染并发症减少60-70%.直到2013年,脐带被夹住以防止新生儿接触抗生素后,母亲才使用预防性抗生素。由于大型随机对照试验和荟萃分析显示,在手术开始前给予抗生素时感染风险降低,国际指南发生了变化,现在建议在皮肤切口前30-120分钟给予抗菌药物预防。然而,这导致宫内暴露于出生前不久由CS出生的所有婴儿的抗生素。动物模型表明围产期暴露于抗生素对后代的早期微生物组建立具有实质性影响,并具有潜在的长期后果。

    例如,产前接触抗生素与儿童哮喘、过敏和肥胖的风险增加有关。此外,出生后头几个月的抗生素治疗可能影响儿童健康,包括超重和特应性疾病的更高发病率。迫切需要明确早期(和持续的)肠道生物失调的影响,作为这些非传染性疾病的潜在潜在机制,以便调查有针对性的预防措施。此外,有证据表明围产期抗生素对新生儿肠道的影响。在剖宫产和阴道出生的婴儿出生后的头几年,剖宫产和阴道出生的婴儿在出生后的头几年仍然可以检测到剖腹产和阴道出生婴儿之间的微生物群差异。CS本身与早期新生儿肠道微生物群的改变有关,与阴道分娩相比,CS本身与母体皮肤微生物区系相似,从而引入了类似乳酸菌的阴道微生物群,但目前还没有明确的证据说明CS之前的单剂外科抗菌素预防对早期微生物群植入的影响。

   本研究采用单中心随机对照临床试验方法,评价切皮前和夹脐带后抗生素使用时机对择期剖宫产足月新生儿肠道菌群组成和抗生素耐药基因获取的影响。

   我们进行了一项探索性、单中心随机对照临床试验。我们纳入了40名足月择期剖宫产的孕妇。干预组在夹闭脐带后单次静脉注射头孢呋辛(n=19),对照组在切皮前30min单次静脉注射头孢呋辛(n=21)。主要终点是婴儿的微生物组特征和出生后最初几天的代谢预测,这是通过16S rRNA基因测序在胎粪样本中确定的。次要终点是1个月和1岁时的微生物群组成。干预组胎粪标本以葡萄球菌属为主。在对照组中,头孢呋辛在脐带血中被证实存在胎盘交叉。氨基酸和氮代谢水平较高,且角叉杆菌属、棒状杆菌属和链霉菌属(指示性科:细胞吞噬科、乳杆菌科、草杆菌科)的丰度增加。代谢功能预测模型显示对照组样本中2ʹ岩藻糖基乳糖利用率较高。在随访中,干预组的梭状芽胞杆菌属的丰度明显较高。

图1。胎粪样品的微生物组差异对抗生素预防的时间分层。相对丰度最丰的属(a)和检测到的指示种(P< .05)的线性判别分析效应量(P< .05) (b),主坐标分析beta多样性(使用距离矩阵P = .026的置换多元方差分析)(c)和Shannon多样性指数(配对Wilcoxon秩和检验* P = .035) (d)表明产时预防抗生素对新生儿有显著影响微生物组。

图2。脐带血抗生素浓度与胎粪样品中婴儿肠道微生物多样性的相互关系。约束对应分析与产时抗菌药物预防组管理限制1和血液中的抗生素浓度限制2显示,6.6%的变异解释为抗生素的浓度在脐带血暗示的依赖的胎粪微生物的变化确定抗生素的浓度。

图3 控制组和干预组粪便样本之间的差异通路丰度分析。FDR调整后P值的热图指的是通过比较OTUS对照组和干预组样本之间的OTU计数总和而获得的显著性水平,这些样本被预测为包含局部代谢途径。仅显示至少一个年龄组中经FDR调整的P值<0.005的路径。点分别表示P值低于0.005(实心圆)和0.05%(开环)的路径。路径丰度的统计比较基于零膨胀β-二项式(ZIBB)模型,以解释序列计数数据中过度分散

   我们认为,抗菌药物预防的时机对于足月出生婴儿的早期微生物组植入至关重要。我们认为,尖端的多组学技术和系统生物学方法可以帮助重新审视以前的抗菌药物预防时机的风险-效益分析。在充分考虑婴儿结局的情况下,未来大型临床试验的设计建议了微生物组改造的潜在目标。

文献来源:Bossung V,  Lupatsii M,  Dashdorj L,Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis for cesarean section is critical for gut microbiome development in term born infants.Gut Microbes 2022 Jan-Dec;14(1)

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    2023-01-07 xjy02
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    2022-02-24 neurowu
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