诊间日记:多囊肾是罕见病吗?有什么好的治疗方法吗?

2018-02-28 李青 李青大夫

罕见病,顾名思义,是非常少见的疾病。根据世界卫生组织的定义,患病人数占总人口的0.65‰~1‰的疾病为罕见病。目前国际确认的罕见病有6000~7000种,约占人类疾病的10%,病种繁多。

罕见病,顾名思义,是非常少见的疾病。根据世界卫生组织的定义,患病人数占总人口的0.65‰~1‰的疾病为罕见病。目前国际确认的罕见病有6000~7000种,约占人类疾病的10%,病种繁多。

罕见病一般为慢性、严重性疾病,常累及全身多个系统。80%的罕见病是由于基因缺陷所导致的,具有遗传性。超过50%的罕见病从儿童时期发病。

多囊肾是一种常见的遗传性肾病,人群患病率(患病人数占总人口的)1‰~2.5‰,也是一种罕见病。



多囊肾的全称为常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病(ADPKD),虽然成人才发病,但患儿出生后双侧肾脏内就长满囊肿,直径由刚能分辨至数厘米不等。囊肿随年龄增大而逐渐长大,长年累月之下,肾脏被大大小小的囊肿占据,整个肾脏体积增大,但肾实质受到压迫而萎缩,肾脏功能出现损害,最终导致慢性肾功能衰竭和尿毒症的发生,或者死于肾性高血压导致的心脑血管并发症。

一、多囊肾的遗传规律

多囊肾的异常基因一般有两个,一个位于16号染色体的短臂,称ADPKD1基因,占多囊肾的90%;另一个位于4号染色体的短臂,称ADPKD2基因,占多囊肾的10%。

多囊肾是一种常染色体显性遗传病,也遵循常染色体显性遗传的规律:

1、男性和女性的发病可能性相同;

2、父、母有一方患病的,子女有50%的可能性发病;

3、父、母两方均患病的,子女有75%的可能性发病;

4、未患病的男性和女性,不携带遗传基因,与无多囊肾的异性婚配后,其子女不会发病,亦不会发生隔代遗传现象;

5、真正的、非经父母遗传的、由基因突变而致病的先天性多囊肾,极其罕见。

所以说,多囊肾患者的孩子,很大的可能发病;没有多囊肾的人,孩子不会发病。

二、多囊肾有什么表现:

一般来说,多囊肾成人才发病,发病年龄越早,病情越重。主要表现为肾脏症状和肾外症状。

肾脏症状:

1、肾肿大:两侧肾脏肿大,大小可有差异,肾脏表面布满囊肿,凹凸不平,严重者失去肾脏的形状。

2、肾区疼痛:腰背部压迫感或钝痛,也有剧痛,有时表现为腹痛。疼痛可因体力活动、行走时间过长、久坐等而加剧,卧床后可减轻。囊内出血或感染可导致突发剧痛。

3、血尿:镜下血尿或发作性肉眼血尿,尿蛋白量少。

4、高血压:是多囊肾最常见症状之一,常影响疾病的结局。多囊肾的高血压出现较早,这与囊肿压迫肾组织,激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统有关。如果血压不控制,常加速肾功能衰竭,并导致心脑血管并发症。

5、肾功能衰竭:迟早会发生,一般40岁之后发生,发生年龄越小,预后越差,许多患者最后进展到尿毒症。多囊肾是尿毒症的一个常见原因。

病人常死于尿毒症或者高血压导致的心脑血管并发症。

肾外表现:

除了肾脏外,其他实质脏器也出现大小不一的多发囊肿。

1、多囊肝:半数以上的多囊肾患者伴有多囊肝,表现为肝脏大小不一的囊肿和肝肿大,一般晚于肾囊肿的出现。

2、其他脏器多发囊肿:脾、胰腺、甲状腺及卵巢也可发生囊肿,此外,结肠也常常发生憩室。

3、脑血管瘤:大约10%~40%多囊肾患者并发脑血管瘤,个别血管的血管壁先天发育较薄,在血压的作用下逐渐膨出形成血管瘤,并于血压波动时血管瘤破裂引起颅内出现。

三、多囊肾不是肾囊肿

一般人群肾脏也可以发生囊肿,称单纯性肾囊肿,见于成人,男性多见,50岁以上的人发生率为50%,是人体衰老导致的一种肾脏表现。小于20岁的人几乎没有肾囊肿,换句话说,如果小于20岁的人出现了肾囊肿,应高度怀疑是多囊肾。

肾囊肿一般单发,囊肿数目随着年龄的增加而增加,囊肿大小也随年龄增长而增大。有学者认为,肾囊肿由肾小管憩室发展而来,是一种良性病变,癌变者极为罕见。所以,肾囊肿患者不要担心。

肾囊肿多发生于肾上极,右肾多见。一般来说,肾囊肿没有任何症状,大多是常规体检时超声检查发现。如果囊内出血,或者发生囊内感染,可出现剧烈疼痛。

肾囊肿和多囊肾是不一样的疾病。和肾囊肿相比,多囊肾有以下特点:

1、家族中多人发病;

2、不仅肾脏有多囊,其它实质性脏器也有多发囊肿,甚至还有结肠憩室和颅内动脉瘤;

3、因为囊肿数目多,肾脏明显增大;

4、几乎所有患者都有高血压,而且发生的早,血压很高;

5、很早就出现肾衰竭。

四、多囊肾如何治疗

多囊肾虽无治愈可能,但并不是说不能治疗。多囊肾的主要治疗原则是延缓疾病进展,控制并发症,改善生活质量。早期患者无需限制体力活动。当囊肿较大,应避免剧烈体力活动和腹部受创。

非药物治疗措施:

下列的生活习惯,能延缓疾病的进展:

1、多饮水:建议多囊肾患者每天的饮水量4000ml左右,保持尿量在2000-2500ml。特别推荐饮用加柠檬汁的温水,忌饮用巧克力、咖啡等含咖啡因的食物,因为咖啡因加重细胞增殖及囊液分泌。

2、少吃盐:低盐饮食能保持较多尿量,减少肾囊肿增生及囊液分泌,并减少感染及结石发生,同时还能控制高血压和减轻高血压的损害。

3、多吃水果:早期和中期多吃富含钾的水果(如桔子和香蕉),但晚期如果出现高钾血症,则必须限制高钾水果。

4、优质低蛋白饮食:主要针对肾功能受损的患者。

5、忌烟酒及辛辣食物。

药物治疗措施:

1、控制血压:是多囊肾最主要的治疗措施。多囊肾患者的高血压有两大危害,一是加速肾功能恶化,二是导致心梗、脑梗、脑出血等心脑血管并发症。而心脑血管并发症常是多囊肾患者的主要死因,所以控制血压是多囊肾最主要的治疗措施。

降压目标:血压控制的目标值为130/80mmHg以下;

降压药物:降压药物首选沙坦类或者普利类降压药,二者只能选一种;同时联合用药,首选的联合药物是长效地平类降压药,其他包括利尿剂、β受体阻断剂和α受体阻断剂。

2、托伐普坦:血管加压素V2受体拮抗剂,一种新上市的药物,可抑制囊肿的生长,延缓肾衰的进展。一般用于年龄<50岁、肾小球滤过滤>45ml/min的患者,严重的慢肾衰使用该药已经没有意义。

该药目前已上市,但还没有在临床普及。

3、雷公藤多苷片:临床观察也有一定的治疗效果。

4、其它治疗:包括感染后的抗感染治疗,疼痛的止痛治疗,进展到尿毒症期的透析治疗等。

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    0

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    2018-03-01 syscxl
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    2018-02-28 1e160a78m83(暂无匿称)

    讲的非常详细.从头到尾一字不落的看完了.推荐给大家.

    0

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    2018-02-28 1e160a78m83(暂无匿称)

    目前多囊肾并不罕见.门诊好多这样的患者.有明显遗传倾向

    0

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    2018-02-28 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2018-02-28 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2018-02-28 秀红

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