CRISPR/Cas基因编辑疗法的前景与伦理争议

2020-12-16 “科技导报”微信号 “科技导报”微信号

近日,基因编辑疗法CTX001被报导,它有望成为治疗输血依赖性β地中海贫血(TDT)和严重严重镰刀型细胞贫血病(SCD)患者的潜在一次性治愈性疗法。

近日,基因编辑疗法CTX001被报导,它有望成为治疗输血依赖性β地中海贫血(TDT)和严重严重镰刀型细胞贫血病(SCD)患者的潜在一次性治愈性疗法。

而上个月,世界首例证实CRISPR/Cas9系统可以有效治疗活体动物转移性癌症的研究发表于Science子刊。

用基因编辑治疗各类疾病的研究在不断推进中,那么,基因编辑技术是否可以用于临床治疗?使用基因编辑技术还存在哪些问题呢?

2020年10月7日,瑞典诺贝尔奖委员会将本年度诺贝尔化学授予法国的埃曼纽尔·卡彭蒂耶(Emmanuelle Charpentier)和美国的詹妮弗·杜德纳(Jennifer Doudna),两人因为“开发基因组编辑方法”上重大基础研究贡献而获此殊荣。

2012年两人首次在著名的《科学》杂志发表关于CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术的研究成果,在短短8年摘得诺贝尔化学奖,正式宣告了基因编辑时代的到来。

01

新一代基因编辑工具横空出世

在CRISPR/Cas技术诞生之前,锌指核酸酶技术和类转录激活样效应因子核酸酶(TALEN)技术,作为第一代基因编辑工具和第二代基因编辑工具,已经展现在整个基因组上精准修饰目标基因的强大功能。

不过,随着打靶效率更高、脱靶率更低、操作更方便的CRISPR/Cas技术横空出世,CRISPR/Cas技术迅速成为基因编辑时代最耀眼的“明星”。

CRISPR/Cas技术作用原理示意图

来源:Science

20世纪80~90年代,日本、西班牙等国家的科学家相继在细菌或古细菌身上发现了一些比较奇怪的DNA序列,后来科学家们将其命名为“成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列”,这一连串英文单词的首写字母缩写就是“CRISPR”。

人们发现在约50%的细菌和90%的古细菌中都含有这种序列,而且发现一些总是与其结伴而行、具有核酸内切酶(DNA剪刀)功能的蛋白,科学家们将其命名为Cas蛋白。

到2008年前后,科学家才发现,CRISPR/Cas组合其实是细菌防御噬菌体攻击的免疫武器。

CRISPR是细菌用来记录噬菌体遗传信息的工具,可以识别入侵病毒的DNA,随之携带的内切酶Cas蛋白将这些病毒的遗传物质剪除,从而清除掉入侵的病毒。

当然,这一组合在细菌中并不总是管用,用作基因编辑工具更是勉为其难,不过真正让CRISPR/Cas技术正是杜德纳和卡彭蒂耶。

2012年,杜德纳和卡彭蒂耶在著名的《科学》杂志上发布了她们合作的第一篇论文。

在这项研究中,她们给CRISPR加了一个向导RNA,让它更精准地找到目标DNA,同时挑选Cas蛋白家族排行第九的Cas9作为CRISPR的搭档,并对Cas9蛋白进行了改造,形成了一个新的基因编辑组合CRISPR/Cas9。

Cas可用于程序化地切割和编辑DNA序列

来源:Science

随后几年,在杜德纳、卡彭蒂耶和其他科学家的共同努力下,CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑工具日益完善,成为基因编辑领域绝对的明星,像“风暴”一样席卷整个生命科学领域。

科学家你追我赶地利用CRISPR/Cas技术对细菌、真菌、植物、动物,包括人类细胞和胚胎进行基因编辑操作,最火热的当属基因编辑疗法。

CRISPR/Cas技术发展历史

来源:Science

02

基因编辑疗法如火如荼

在基因治疗领域,基因编辑技术主要有三种应用方式。

第一种是对患者身上某些受损的细胞进行基因编辑,然后将这种基因编辑细胞输回患者体内,让这些基因编辑细胞治疗或替换受损细胞,这一基因编辑疗法已针对癌症、白血病、艾滋病、遗传性眼病等疾病开展了临床试验。

有报道称,从2016年开始,四川大学华西医院和杭州肿瘤医院等单位已相继启动利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑治疗癌症的临床试验,不过尚未见经同行评议的研究成果公开发表。

2020年2月,《科学》杂志报道了一项基因编辑疗法早期临床试验结果。

美国宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院的研究人员对患者自身的T细胞进行CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑,删除了三个基因,并转入一个帮助T细胞识别肿瘤细胞的基因,然后输入三名患者(两名患有晚期难治性骨髓瘤,一名患有转移性肉瘤)体内,以增强人类T细胞抵抗癌症的能力。

操作流程示意图

来源:Science

这些工程化T细胞注射9个月后,患者表现出较强的耐受性,显示该疗法具有较好的安全性,但是治疗癌症的疗效有待更大规模的临床试验加以证实。

第二种基因编辑疗法是针对遗传病患者,可对患者的生殖细胞或胚胎进行基因修正,以获得健康的后代。

目前,中国、美国等国家的科学家已经尝试对人类胚胎的基因编辑,包括艾滋病相关基因、地中海贫血突变基因和遗传性“肥厚型心肌病”突变基因等。

由于这种方式存在较大的伦理争议,目前主要停留在细胞或胚胎操作层面。

第三种基因编辑疗法则是利用病毒载体,将基因编辑工具直接输送到患处,修正突变基因。

据抗盲症基金会网站报道,全球首个活体基因编辑疗法临床试验将在俄勒冈健康与科学大学凯西眼科研究所实施,该临床试验将由美国Editas医药公司等机构发起,旨在利用腺病毒载体,将其研发的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑药物输送到约18位莱博先天性黑眼症10(LCA10)患者的视网膜处,以评估该基因编辑疗法治疗遗传性眼病的安全性和有效性。

目前,基因编辑技术还在A型和B型血友病、杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症、β型地中海贫血症、囊性纤维化病和α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症等遗传病治疗方面展现出巨大的应用前景,不过大多数临床试验均是刚刚启动,疗效值得期待。

03

基因编辑仍存在伦理争议

为什么人们对基因编辑存在伦理争议呢?

一方面是公众对基因编辑技术不成熟的担心,比如脱靶效应,对患者可能造成一些额外的伤害;另一方面则担心生殖为目的的基因编辑会永久改变人类的基因池,给人类带来一些不可逆的影响。

基因编辑脱靶主要有两种原因,一种原因是CRISPR/Cas9识别组件一般可识别20个碱基的DNA序列,但是这个DNA序列在基因组中可能存在很多类似序列,比如有15个碱基与靶标序列相同,识别组件有可能将其误认为靶标序列,从而让剪切组件对非靶标DNA序列进行了错误地剪切,另一种原因是剪切组件剪切时并非“指哪剪哪”,有可能乱剪一气。

有些非靶标基因突变藏得深、尚“伪装”,稍不留神,就会让其蒙混过关,可能给患者的健康带来潜在威胁,无疑也给火热的基因编辑技术蒙上了一层阴影。

当然,科学家正在努力发明新的技术以检索尽可能多的脱靶位点,将风险降低到最小。

2019年2月,中国科学院神经科学研究所的杨辉研究员团队在《科学》杂志报道称,该团队建立了一种高效检测基因编辑脱靶效应的方法,可检测最细微的基因编辑脱靶效应。

该方法实验设计流程

来源:Science

因此,通过不断的技术改进,基因编辑脱靶问题有望得到有效解决。

目前,以生殖为目的的基因编辑仍然是绝对的研究禁区。

2017年8月3日,美国人类遗传学协会、英国遗传学护士与咨询师协会、加拿大遗传咨询协会、国际遗传流行病协会和亚洲遗传咨询师职业协会等11个机构,在《美国人类遗传学杂志》上联合发布了一项政策声明,呼吁“谨慎而积极”地开展生殖细胞基因编辑,认为应继续推进基础研究,但反对把这项技术用于生殖目的。

不过,2018年底,来自南方科技大学的贺建奎利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得了两个所谓抗艾滋病的基因编辑女婴,在全球范围内引起轩然大波,造成恶劣影响,贺建奎也因违反相关法律被判有期徒刑3年,自食其果。

来源:科技部官网

无论如何,基因编辑技术已经在人类癌症、艾滋病和遗传病等疾病治疗上展现出巨大的应用潜力,也受到众多科学家和投资者的青睐,但是面对伦理争议,科学家应该谨慎行动,并通过不断的技术革新,将基因编辑的安全风险降至最低。

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    2020-12-18 lovetcm

    #基因编辑#未来肯定会用,只要利益大于风险

    0

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    2020-12-18 yuandd
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    2020-12-18 slcumt
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    2020-12-18 yaanren
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    2020-12-16 jyzxjiangqin

    好好学习!

    0

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