BMJ:COVID-19疫苗接种后可能出现缺血性卒中,但COVID-19感染本身更常见

2021-05-30 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

当前COVID-19疫苗接种期间,需要高度怀疑、识别疫苗接种后的血栓形成。但这些副作用非常罕见,比COVID-19感染本身导致的脑静脉血栓形成和缺血性卒中都要少见得多。

作为COVID-19相关疫苗诱导免疫血栓性血小板减少症(VITT)的一部分发生的血栓并发症可包括缺血性卒中和脑静脉血栓形成。

 
Markus HS在BMJ杂志发表评论文章,对此进行了分析阐述。
 

COVID-19大流行对中风产生了重大影响。虽然全球范围内的住院中风病例显著下降,特别是在第一波COVID-19流行期间,但流行病学数据显示,中风发病率实际增加,主要发生在医院外,特别是在护理之家。因此,COVID-19感染本身是导致中风的危险因素,最近的一项系统综述报告称,在COVID-19感染中,有1.4%的患者发生了中风。特征性表现为大动脉闭塞增加,隐源性卒中比例增加,常累及多个动脉区域,而小动脉卒中不常见。与非covid -19相关的卒中相比,卒中的严重程度和死亡率都有所增加。这一风险增加的一个主要因素是一些COVID-19患者普遍存在血栓前状态,凝血通路激活、d -二聚体和纤维蛋白原升高是共同特征。这种“脓毒症诱导的凝血功能障碍”与感染诱导的全身炎症反应有关。抗磷脂抗体在一些COVID-19和中风患者中也有报道。然而,血小板计数减少并不是一个共同的特征。

最近,出现了与COVID-19疫苗,特别是ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒疫苗相关的凝血功能障碍报告。它们的特征是血小板减少,类似于肝素诱导的血小板减少,但在没有肝素和有血小板因子4抗体的情况下。在一组23例患者中,13例有脑静脉血栓形成,5例有肺栓塞,中位年龄为46岁,年龄范围为21-77岁,接种疫苗后的中位时间为12天(范围6-24)。为什么大脑静脉窦优先受影响仍不确定。

Al-Mayhani等人的一篇论文进一步扩展了这一临床范围,该论文描述了3例与COVID-19疫苗接种相关的缺血性中风。

患者1:(A -D)  非增强CT (A)示右侧M1段远端高密度凝块(箭头),与CT血管造影显示的闭塞部位(B,箭头)相对应。(C)基底节水平非增强CT显示大面积急性右侧大脑中动脉梗死,伴有灰白质分界消失(箭头)和早期出血(短箭头)。(D)急诊颅骨切除术后的非增强CT显示右半球肿胀和出血扩大(短箭头)。

患者2:(E -H)    (E)颅外CT血管造影显示双侧颈内动脉闭塞(箭头)。(F)颅内CT血管造影显示双侧大脑中动脉未闭(箭头),主要通过后交通动脉的支脉代偿供血。左横窦中段和远端(短箭头)充盈不佳,怀疑有血栓形成,后经专门的CT静脉造影证实。(G,H)磁共振弥散加权成像显示右侧枕叶(G箭头)和双侧半卵圆中心(H箭头)数个急性梗死灶,与皮质以及深、浅层动脉交界区相对应。在所有病例中,缺血性中风与颈动脉和大脑中动脉大动脉闭塞相关,而2例也有涉及门脉和大脑静脉系统的静脉血栓形成。该报告强调,免疫介导的凝血功能障碍也可导致包括缺血性卒中在内的动脉血栓形成,尽管静脉血栓形成特别是CVST更常见。

治疗脑静脉血栓形成和缺血性中风相关的疫苗诱导免疫性血栓性血小板减少(VITT)面临挑战。目前的指南,如COVID-19 VITT专家血液学小组的指南,建议使用非肝素抗凝剂,如根据临床情况直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs、磺达肝素、达那肝素钠或阿加曲班),同时静脉注射免疫球蛋白,并可能进行血浆置换。有人认为血小板输注可能使病情恶化,尽管是最佳的治疗方法,但仍有很高的死亡率和并发症,如AI- Mayhami等人报告的第一个病例所示,在该病例中,致命的出血性转化为大的缺血性梗死。

当前COVID-19疫苗接种期间,需要高度怀疑、识别疫苗接种后的血栓形成。然而,重要的是要记住,最近的一项大型流行病学研究表明,这些副作用非常罕见,比COVID-19感染本身导致的脑静脉血栓形成和缺血性卒中都要少见得多。

原文出处

1Markus HS. Ischaemic stroke can follow COVID-19 vaccination but is much more common with COVID-19 infection itself. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Published Online First: 25 May 2021. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327057

2Al-Mayhani T, Saber S, Stubbs MJ, et al. Ischaemic stroke as a presenting feature of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Published Online First: 25 May 2021. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326984

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849263, encodeId=eac918492631d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Sep 18 08:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1893389, encodeId=d2ab189338974, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jun 24 20:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1806442, encodeId=8168180644250, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b649e9358fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性卒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79358, encryptionId=b649e9358fa, topicName=缺血性卒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Feb 21 04:52:11 CST 2022, time=2022-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1258008, encodeId=72f6125800823, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f538e0501e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疫苗接种#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70501, encryptionId=f538e0501e9, topicName=疫苗接种)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5c0050, createdName=lishiwen, createdTime=Mon May 31 15:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=969609, encodeId=6bd9969609fd, content=相对疫苗风险,感染更需重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ded31501735, createdName=jiangbo791225, createdTime=Sun May 30 09:59:22 CST 2021, time=2021-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=969594, encodeId=9c5b969594ad, content=横竖都是!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 30 09:04:20 CST 2021, time=2021-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026871, encodeId=697510268e146, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=健健, createdTime=Sun May 30 03:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-30 jiangbo791225

    相对疫苗风险,感染更需重视

    0

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    2021-05-30 学医无涯

    横竖都是!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849263, encodeId=eac918492631d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Sep 18 08:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1893389, encodeId=d2ab189338974, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jun 24 20:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1806442, encodeId=8168180644250, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b649e9358fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性卒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79358, encryptionId=b649e9358fa, topicName=缺血性卒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Feb 21 04:52:11 CST 2022, time=2022-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1258008, encodeId=72f6125800823, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f538e0501e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疫苗接种#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70501, encryptionId=f538e0501e9, topicName=疫苗接种)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5c0050, createdName=lishiwen, createdTime=Mon May 31 15:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=969609, encodeId=6bd9969609fd, content=相对疫苗风险,感染更需重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ded31501735, createdName=jiangbo791225, createdTime=Sun May 30 09:59:22 CST 2021, time=2021-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=969594, encodeId=9c5b969594ad, content=横竖都是!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 30 09:04:20 CST 2021, time=2021-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026871, encodeId=697510268e146, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=健健, createdTime=Sun May 30 03:52:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-30 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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