Science:人体细胞又添新类型,可“清洗”肠道细菌

2016-08-03 佚名 生物谷

我们肠道内的微生物群对于机体健康的维持具有重要意义,但若得不到有效调节和控制,则会成为健康隐患,可能引发腹泻、腹胀、炎症性肠炎等病症。 为此,我们的肠道表面分泌有一层保护性的粘液,以防止肠道内细菌直接侵入肠壁组织而引发炎症反应。这些粘液的主要成分为粘蛋白,由肠壁上的杯状细胞(goblet cell)分泌。然而,这层粘液并不是密不通风的,有时也会被少数细菌越过,成为“漏网之鱼”。 ▲肠壁上的

我们肠道内的微生物群对于机体健康的维持具有重要意义,但若得不到有效调节和控制,则会成为健康隐患,可能引发腹泻、腹胀、炎症性肠炎等病症。

为此,我们的肠道表面分泌有一层保护性的粘液,以防止肠道内细菌直接侵入肠壁组织而引发炎症反应。这些粘液的主要成分为粘蛋白,由肠壁上的杯状细胞(goblet cell)分泌。然而,这层粘液并不是密不通风的,有时也会被少数细菌越过,成为“漏网之鱼”。

▲肠壁上的杯状细胞

那么,当粘液层这第一道防线被“冲破”后,我们的机体难道就会“束手待毙”吗?还是又会有第二道的防线呢?

最近,来自瑞典哥德堡大学(University of Gothenburg)的科学家们回答了这一问题。他们发现了肠道中构成第二道防线的“哨兵”细胞。一旦有细菌穿过粘液层,这种类型的杯状细胞便会立即感知并通知周围的其他杯状细胞,使其迅速“喷”出大量的粘液,将细菌冲出粘液层。这一重要发现发表于最近的《Science》期刊上,有望为炎症性肠炎的研究和治疗带来新的思路。

我们的肠壁上分布有大量凹进去的肠腺(intestinal crypt)。这些微小腺体可分泌碱性的肠液,内含多种消化酶。同时,在肠腺的底部存在有干细胞,它们会不断地产生于新的肠壁细胞。而上述新发现的“哨兵”细胞则位于肠腺的顶部,即最靠近肠腔的地方。

▲肠腺示意图

“这些细胞就像哨兵一样,把守在肠腺的入口。一旦觉察到细菌的侵入,它们便会引起一连串的反应,最终使得粘液以一种爆炸性的方式释放出来,将细菌冲出去,”文章的第一作者George Birchenough博士说道。

原来,这些“哨兵”细胞上的Toll样受体(TLR)可感知多种源自细菌的分子,如脂多糖和内毒素等。一旦这些细菌成分被发现后,TLR便会立即激活其下游信号通路,最终活化Nlrp6炎症小体。这时,“哨兵”细胞内便会发生由钙离子介导的Muc2粘蛋白胞吐作用,并通过间隙连接向周围的其他杯状细胞传递信息,促使后者同样分泌Muc2粘蛋白。于是,如此大量分泌出的粘液有力地将入侵的细菌冲回到肠腔内。如果入侵的细菌这时还未被完全清除出去,那么这些“哨兵”细胞将会与细菌“同归于尽”,将自身弹射出去,用自己的“身躯”赶走细菌。

▲Gunnar C. Hansson教授

“哨兵”细胞如此的行为固然“勇气可嘉”,但即便如此,它们仍然无法保证在所有的时候,这数以万亿计的肠道细菌中就一定不会有成功的“越狱者”。文章的通讯作者Gunnar C. Hansson教授指出,一旦确实有细菌穿越了重重防线,最终进入了肠壁组织,那么肠道炎症反应这时就有可能发生了。

▲杯状细胞分泌粘液

事实上,正是Gunnar C. Hansson教授的团队在之前首先证实了粘液层作为防止肠道细菌入侵第一道防线的作用。该发现很大地改变了人们对于粘液层生物学作用的看法,开创了一个全新的研究领域。在这之后,一系列有关粘液层生成、维护、活动及破坏的重大发现陆续出炉,重塑了人们对于肠道菌群与机体互动机制的认识,为溃疡性结肠炎等肠道炎症的研究和疗法开发提供了全新的思路。而此次的发现又是一个非同寻常的突破。

“如今,人们已经很难再发现一种具有之前未知功能的细胞类型了,而我们的团队很有幸地做到了这一点,” Gunnar C. Hansson教授表示。(生物谷Bioon.com)

参考文献:

[1] The colon is defended from bacteria by a self-sacrificing sentinel cell

[2] A sentinel goblet cell guards the colonic crypt by triggering Nlrp6-dependent Muc2 secretion

[3] Wikipedia: Intestinal gland

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    2016-08-05 jichang
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    2016-08-04 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-08-04 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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