地西他滨联合半相合淋巴细胞输注治疗MDS异基因造血干细胞移植后进展为AML并多次复发1例

2020-07-08 陈凌云 周健 李珍 临床血液学杂志

患者,男,46岁,1998年8月无明显诱因出现 发热,体温达42.0℃,伴畏寒?寒战?心悸?胸闷?气 促?乏力?血常规:WBC 2.56×10 9/L,HGB 80g/ L,RBC 2.6×1012/

异基 因 造 血 干 细 胞移植 (allogeneic hemato - poietic stem cell transplantation,allo -HCT)被认为 是治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syn - drome,MDS)的唯一选择?然而,复发 是 HCT 治 疗后失败的主要原因,Molina等〔 1〕的一项回顾性分 析中 HCT复发率为31%±2%,复发后54个月总 生存率为45%±4%?现将我院收治的1例患者报 告如下,通过对其病例特点分析及治 疗经过的复 习,探 讨 allo -HCT 后 转 变 为 急 性 髓 系 白 血 病 ( acute myeloid leukemia,AML)的治疗方法?

1 病例资料

患者,男,46岁,1998年8月无明显诱因出现 发热,体温达42.0℃,伴畏寒?寒战?心悸?胸闷?气 促?乏力?血常规:WBC 2.56×10 9/L,HGB 80g/ L,RBC 2.6×1012/L,PLT 70×10 9/L?骨髓像:骨髓增生活跃,粒∶红=0.61,粒系增生减低,原始粒 细胞1.5%,红系增生活跃?染色体核型为46,XY [ 10],诊断为 MDS -RAEB?给予标准 DA 方案(柔 红霉素60mg d1~3+阿糖胞苷2.0g d1~7)化 疗 1个周期达完全缓解(CR),巩固6个周期 化 疗,期 间骨髓像均达 CR,于1999年4月行同胞全相合造 血干细胞移植,2011年11月骨髓像示骨髓增生活 跃,原始粒细胞占24.5%?流式细胞术检测:幼稚 细 胞 占 65.0%,CD13+ 细 胞 18%,CD33+ 细 胞 92.0%,CD14+ 细 胞 2%,HLA-DR+ 细 胞3.5%, CD117+ 细胞18%, T细胞? B细胞抗原均阴性?染 色体核型:46,XY[20],融合基 因检测 WT1/ABL =0.09?FLT3 - ITD/TKD?NPM? c -kit均阴性,嵌 合体89%?诊断为 AML-M2,给予标准方案化 疗 联合同胞全相合淋巴细胞输注治疗后缓解,2012年 2月? 3月分别给予1个周期标准方案化 疗联合同 胞全相合淋巴细胞输注巩固治疗,2012年4月给予 2个周期全相合淋巴细胞输注巩固治 疗,2012年5月至2017年间停止治疗,定期返院复查,骨髓像均 达CR,嵌合体大于95%,期间患者患皮肤慢性移植 物抗宿主病(cGVHD),表现为硬皮病:四肢皮肤黏 膜硬肿,伴关节活动受限,给予口服环孢素治疗,效 果差?2018年3月22日复查,骨髓像示:骨髓增生 活跃,原始粒细胞占22.0%,早幼粒细胞占24.0%, 白血病 残 留 示:CD34(+)CD117(+)CD13(+) CD33(+)CD7(+)HLA-DR(+)CD38(+)CD15(-)CD64(-)CD19(-)CD56(-)CD45(dim+) 异常髓系原始细 胞 占7.26%,43种融合基 因筛查 阴性,42种髓系基因突变提示 TET2突变,疾病复 发,但患者皮肤仍存在cGVHD,遂尝试性给予女儿 动员后的半相合淋巴细胞输注联合化 疗 治 疗,具体 治疗见表1,现停止治疗1年余,骨髓像仍CR,白血 病残留阴性?


2 讨论

目前对于allo -HCT 后出现疾 病复发,已经尝 试了包括姑息治疗,停用免疫抑制剂,阿扎胞苷,供 体淋巴细胞输注(DLI),二次 HCT,酪氨酸激酶抑 制剂,细胞免疫疗法等方法作为 治 疗 策 略,但是 对allo -HCT后复发的患 者仍然没有可用的标准治 疗 方法? DLI是 HLA 匹配的同胞或无血缘关系的供体 (MUD)异基因血液或骨髓移植后复发 性 疾 病 的公 认治疗选择,但关于半相合淋巴细胞输注的报道仍 较少,Zeidan等〔 2〕回顾性 分析40例allo -HCT 复发 患者使用半相合淋巴细 胞 治 疗 的结果,其中12例 ( 30%)患者对半相合淋巴细胞输注治 疗 有反应,达 CR,中位反应持续时间为11.8个月(平均22.5个 月,范围0.4~94.0个月),只有10例(25%)患 者 发生aGVHD,而其中2例aGVHD患者死亡(均为 Ⅲ度 GVHD)?其表明,1×10 6 CD3+/kg可能是半 相合淋巴细胞合理的初始剂量,这个剂量下患者的 CR率 为26.7%,并且仅引起16.7%的 患 者 发生 Ⅱ~Ⅳ度 GVHD,半相合淋巴细 胞输注治 疗allo - HCT后复发性疾病 是可行的,可以达到持续反应,并且毒性在可以接受的范围内?但样本量少,相关 文献缺乏,仍需要前瞻性 的评估来确认半相合淋巴 细胞的作用和毒性? DLI具有抗白 血 病作用,然而,由于注入的淋 巴细胞效力降低或因白血病细胞负担日益增加,这 种治疗效果通常只持续3~4个月,为了改善预后, DLI可以与化 疗 药物联合应用?去甲基 化 药物包 括地西他滨和阿扎胞苷,均可抑制 DNA 甲基 化转 移酶,引起 DNA 低甲基化,从而发挥抗肿 瘤和调节 免疫等多种作用?相关研究显示〔 3〕,地西他滨联合 化疗在复发难治性 AML患者中显示出较好的治疗 效果?一项研究〔 4〕使用地西他滨联合DLI治疗1例 MDS转化的 AML患者,成功控制了该患者白血病 早期复发,使其获得了良好的长期无进展生存?国 际专家小组提出〔 5〕,MDS HCT 后复发 患 者,使用 DLI可使无事件生存期延长15%~31%,而在154 例 DLI和阿扎胞苷联合治疗 MDS或伴 有 MDS相 关变化的 AML患 者 HCT 后复发 的 患 者 中,28例 复发患者2年生存率 为66%±10%?一项研究表 明〔 6〕,阿扎胞苷具有降低对 肿 瘤抗原 CD8(+) T 细 胞应答患 者 的复发风险的能力,HCT 后每个月服用阿扎胞苷可使无复发生存率提高? Schroeder等〔 7〕的一项研究分析了地西他滨和 DLI组合作为allo -HCT 后复发 的补救疗法,其收 集了36例复发 患 者,AML 29例,MDS 7例,患 者 的中位地西他滨联合 DLI周期数为2(范围为1~ 11)?其中,地西他滨作为复发后首次治疗者16例 ( 44%),另外20例(56%)患者先前接受过1~5次 其他挽 救 治 疗?结 果,总 体 反 应 率 为 25%,包 括 6例(17%)CR和3例(8%)部分缓解, 6例CR患者 均未再复发,CR 的中位生存期 为10个月(范围为 2~33个月),这表明地西他滨联合 DLI治 疗allo - HCT是可行的,也可用作一线治 疗失败后的二线 治疗?Sommer等〔 8〕也同样证明地西他滨联合 DLI 方案在allo -HCT后复发性 髓样恶 性 肿 瘤 中 是可行 和有效的? 既往 研 究 表 明,调 节 性 T 细 胞 (Tregs)在 cGVHD 的 发 病 机 制 中 起 保护 作用,而转录因 子 Foxp3基因的低甲基 化 是决定 Treg功能的关键? 研究表明〔 9〕,DNA 甲基转移酶抑制剂如阿扎胞苷? 地西他滨可以使 Foxp3CNS2区域和 Foxp3增强 子去甲基化从而诱导Foxp3在体内和体外的表达, 低甲基化剂的使用可以减轻移植物抗宿主病而不 牺牲移植物抗白血病作用?Fransolet等〔10〕用小鼠 建模实验,证明了去甲基 化 药物阿扎胞苷在建立良 好的小鼠模型中预防了硬皮病cGVHD?此外,去 甲基化药物有抗肿 瘤活性作用,一直以来,人们认 为其抗肿 瘤活性作用机制是再激活异常沉默的 肿 瘤抑制基 因,DNA 修复基 因和 microRNA〔11〕?地 西他滨治疗也导致了肿 瘤抗原的上调,如黑色素癌 相关抗原1(MAGE1)和睾丸癌症抗原(CTA) 〔 12〕? 最近,研究证明去甲基 化 药物可以上调内源 性逆转 录病毒(ERV)转录本,后者形成细 胞质双链 RNA 并引发细胞凋亡〔13-14〕,并且 CTA,ERV 很可能增 加免疫原性 的癌细 胞,从而对免疫 治 疗 如 PD - 1, DLI更加易感〔13-15〕? 本例 MDS -RAEB 患 者,经 过 标 准 方 案 化 疗 6个周期,骨髓像达 CR,染色体为正常核型,遂行 allo -HCT,移植过程顺利,定期随访均处于 CR,嵌 合体大于95%?移植12年后复查骨髓像:增生活 跃,原始粒细胞占23.5%,早幼粒细胞占0.5%,诊 断为 AML,经过多周期标准方案联合胞弟 DLI治 疗,骨穿达CR,嵌合体大于95%?停止治 疗6年, 定期复查,骨穿均达 CR,病情未再进展,期间患皮 肤cGVHD,口服环孢素 治 疗 疗效差?6年后再次 复发,给予标准方案化 疗后缓解,但考虑患 者皮肤 存在慢性排异,仍然复 发,再 次输注胞 弟 全 相 合 DLI效果可能不佳,遂尝试联合女儿动员后的半相 合淋巴细胞治疗,另原发病为 MDS,且合并 TET2 突变?硬皮病,给予地西他滨联合半相合淋巴细 胞输注维持治疗3个周期,期间复查骨穿均达 CR,且 皮肤cGVHD逐渐减轻?现已停止治 疗1年,定期 复查,骨髓像仍处于CR,流式查白血病残留病灶阴 性?分析该患者情况,对于allo -HCT 后复发患者, 其肿 瘤负荷较大,单纯依靠 DLI诱导移植物抗白血 病效应不能使骨髓达 CR,可以联合标准方案化 疗 诱导CR使肿 瘤负荷降低?对于有排异且骨髓复发 患者,半相合淋巴细 胞输注可作为备选方案,同时 联合去甲基 化 药物地西他滨加强抗肿 瘤活性,并使 肿瘤细胞对 DLI更易感,同时诱导Foxp3增强子去 甲基化,加强 Treg细胞的抗cGVHD作用,毒性也 相对 较小?然而,输注半相合淋巴细 胞 的剂量选 择?维持治疗所需的周期?维持治 疗后的生存时间 等问题均需要前瞻性的研究证明?

参考文献略?

原始出处:

陈凌云,周健,李珍,张 莉等,地西他滨联合半相合淋巴细胞输注治疗 MDS异基因造血干细胞移植后进展为AML并多次复发1例及文献复习[J],临床血液学杂志,2020,33(5)?

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1658937, encodeId=da73165893e12, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c40ce798412' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77984, encryptionId=c40ce798412, topicName=细胞移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ad4724938298, createdName=limedical1982, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 08:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1842818, encodeId=5c5c184281864, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f061142249' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MDS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11422, encryptionId=9f061142249, topicName=MDS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80a244, createdName=d830372, createdTime=Fri Oct 16 19:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1025478, encodeId=449710254e8f7, content=干细胞是热点,但是进入临床仍然需要时间和临床疗效验证哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=独孤立克, createdTime=Sat Jul 11 09:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271522, encodeId=e7e512e152209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0ff950018f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血干细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95001, encryptionId=a0ff950018f, topicName=造血干细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e729101, createdName=huanbaofeng, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1287573, encodeId=ea1c128e573c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=850849e666e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#异基因造血干细胞移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49766, encryptionId=850849e666e, topicName=异基因造血干细胞移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e6ac207, createdName=xlwang2691, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1302326, encodeId=a1d813023262d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82a6659902c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#淋巴细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65990, encryptionId=82a6659902c, topicName=淋巴细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e34303, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1494740, encodeId=ed0e1494e4095, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=084d9499599' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94995, encryptionId=084d9499599, topicName=造血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=caed9138962, createdName=俅侠, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-10-16 d830372
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1658937, encodeId=da73165893e12, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c40ce798412' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77984, encryptionId=c40ce798412, topicName=细胞移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ad4724938298, createdName=limedical1982, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 08:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1842818, encodeId=5c5c184281864, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f061142249' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MDS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11422, encryptionId=9f061142249, topicName=MDS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80a244, createdName=d830372, createdTime=Fri Oct 16 19:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1025478, encodeId=449710254e8f7, content=干细胞是热点,但是进入临床仍然需要时间和临床疗效验证哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=独孤立克, createdTime=Sat Jul 11 09:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271522, encodeId=e7e512e152209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0ff950018f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血干细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95001, encryptionId=a0ff950018f, topicName=造血干细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e729101, createdName=huanbaofeng, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1287573, encodeId=ea1c128e573c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=850849e666e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#异基因造血干细胞移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49766, encryptionId=850849e666e, topicName=异基因造血干细胞移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e6ac207, createdName=xlwang2691, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1302326, encodeId=a1d813023262d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82a6659902c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#淋巴细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65990, encryptionId=82a6659902c, topicName=淋巴细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e34303, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1494740, encodeId=ed0e1494e4095, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=084d9499599' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94995, encryptionId=084d9499599, topicName=造血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=caed9138962, createdName=俅侠, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:06:33 CST 2020, time=2020-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-07-11 独孤立克

    干细胞是热点,但是进入临床仍然需要时间和临床疗效验证哦

    0

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    2020-07-10 俅侠

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