骨关节炎、类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎三者分不清?专家教您鉴别

2019-05-31 杏林之声 佚名

骨关节炎、类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎三者常常分不清楚,北京大学人民医院关节病研究所魏威主任教您如何鉴别。

骨关节炎、类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎三者常常分不清楚,北京大学人民医院关节病研究所魏威主任教您如何鉴别。

1、发病机制

骨性关节炎是软骨退行性变(原发或继发);类风湿关节炎则是一种全身性的自身免疫性疾病;强直性脊柱炎(AS)是一种主要侵犯脊柱,并累及骶髂关节和周围关节的慢性进行性炎性疾病。

2、病理改变

骨性关节炎主要病变在软骨,出现软骨退行性变,继发性滑膜炎,骨质增生形成骨赘,较重时引起软骨下骨囊性变、破坏;类风湿关节炎主要病变在滑膜,滑膜形成的血管翳逐渐侵蚀到软骨及骨组织引起骨破坏;强直性脊桂炎病理表现主要为肌腱韧带附着点处的病变,如脊柱纤维环的钙化和骨化,脊柱前纵韧带附着点的骨赘形成等。

3、发病年龄

骨性关节炎在老年发病大于55岁年龄组发生率高达80%,与年龄、性别、肥胖等有密切关系,50岁前男性发病率高于女性,50岁后女性高于男性;类风湿关节炎发病发病年龄在20~45岁,以青壮年为多,男女之比为1∶2~4;强直性脊柱炎大多于10~20岁发病,高峰在20~30岁,以男性为多,多有明显家族史。

4、最常受累的关节

骨性关节炎常侵及远端指间关节,周围少有炎症表现,其次为负重关节,而腕、掌指关节极少受累;类风湿关节炎最常受累的关节是掌指关节、腕关节及近端指间关节,而很少累及远端指间关节;强直性脊柱炎常为少关节炎,非对称性,下肢关节受侵多于上肢关节;大关节受累多于小关节,发展到后期患者畸形主要表现在脊柱、髋关节。

5、对全身的影响

骨性关节炎一般只局限在骨、关节,除由于骨增生压迫神经和血管的继发症状外,不直接影响其它脏器;类风湿关节炎则除关节外,可以累及全身许多脏器,如肺脏、肝脏、心脏等;强直性脊柱炎可影响全脊柱,一般由腰椎上行发展,强直性脊柱炎可引起主动脉瓣关闭不全,只有少数引起肺上叶纤维化,而眼虹膜睫状体炎、血栓性静脉炎为多。

6、临床表现不同

骨性关节炎起病缓慢,逐渐加重,晨僵时间短小于30分钟,不出现皮下结节;类风湿关节炎中一部分患者呈急性发作,晨僵时间大于30分钟,可出现皮下结节;约90%的强直性脊柱炎患者最先表现为骶髂关节炎。表现为反复发作的腰痛,骶髂部僵硬感,间歇或两侧交替出现腰痛和两侧臀部疼痛,可放射至大腿。支腿抬高试验阴性,4字试验可阳性。

7、影像学表现

骨性关节炎呈现骨赘,可见关节间隙变窄;类风湿关节炎呈软组织肿胀,骨质侵蚀、关节变形或半脱位;强直性脊柱炎则钙化、骨化较骨侵蚀更为多见,完全性关节强直X线提示脊柱呈竹节样改变。

8、实验室检查

骨性关节炎一般无特异性的血液学变化;类风湿关节炎可以出现包括类风湿因子在内的许多自身抗体;强直性脊柱炎绝大多数为HLA-B27(人类白细胞抗原B27)阳性。

9、滑膜病理表现

滑膜炎的特征为滑膜细胞肥大、增生,淋巴细胞及单核细胞浸润;类风湿关节炎滑膜形成典型的血管翳;强直性脊柱炎则有滑膜增生、淋巴样浸润和血管翳形成。

10、用药及治疗反应

骨性关节炎则以非甾体类抗炎药为主,应用于类风湿关节炎的慢作用药及细胞毒药对骨性关节炎无效,甚至有害;类风湿关节炎的治疗药物主要是慢作用药,细胞毒药物,非甾体类抗炎药只在疼痛时应用;强直性脊柱炎的治疗以 非甾体类抗炎药,TNF-α、柳氮磺胺吡啶等为主。

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    2019-09-30 zywlvao
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    2019-08-08 lisa438
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    2019-06-02 lmm397
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