表面活性剂治疗晚期早产儿和足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征

2021-10-25 刘少飞 MedSci原创

在过去的几十年里,呼吸窘迫综合征 (RDS) 的管理有了很大的发展,外源性表面活性剂替代品是其特殊的基石之一。

在过去的几十年里,呼吸窘迫综合征 (RDS) 的管理有了很大的发展,外源性表面活性剂替代品是其特殊的基石之一。国家和国际指南建议在规定的吸入氧分数 (FiO2) 临界值水平下对极早产新生儿(小于 32 周)进行早期表面活性剂治疗。虽然较成熟的晚期早产儿 (LPT) 和足月新生儿 RDS 的发生率仅为 8%–10%,但受 RDS 影响的绝对数量是显着的。

大多数对 RDS 婴儿使用表面活性剂的建议都来自于出生小于 32 周的婴儿的证据。然而,将治疗标准以及从极低出生体重婴儿 (VLBWI) 缺乏表面活性剂组推断到更成熟的 LPT 组和患有 RDS 的足月婴儿组的预期良好结果是有争议的。迄今为止,尽管缺乏这些群体的证据,但在 LPT 和足月婴儿中超说明书使用表面活性剂很常见。同样,表面活性剂替代疗法的安全性和成本效益也几乎完全在 VLBWI 中进行研究,使得 LPT 和足月婴儿的风险收益评估难以判断。本系统评价和分析调查了在 LPT 和足月 RDS 婴儿中使用表面活性剂的安全性和有效性,以指导临床实践决策并突出知识差距。

研究目的:探讨表面活性剂治疗LPT及足月RDS的安全性和有效性。

主要结局指标:死亡率和有创机械通气 (IMV) 的需求。

研究结果:本分析共纳入了 17 项研究(16 项观察性研究和 1 项随机对照试验 (RCT))。在患有 RDS 的 LPT 和足月新生儿中,46%(95% CI 40% 至 51%)接受了表面活性剂治疗。从评估无创呼吸支持 (NRS) 或 IMV 支持的婴儿的观察性研究中发现中等质量证据 (CoE),即表面活性剂的使用可能与死亡风险降低有关(OR 0.45,95% CI 0.32 至 0.64)。观察性试验的 CoE 非常低,其中表面活性剂以 FiO >0.30-0.40 给予持续气道正压通气 (CPAP) 的婴儿,表明表面活性剂不会降低 IMV 的风险(OR 1.20,95% CI 0.40 至 3.56)。 RCT 和观察性试验的 CoE 非常低到低表明,表面活性剂的使用与漏气风险、新生儿持续肺动脉高压 (PPHN)、IMV 持续时间、NRS 和住院时间的显着降低有关。

研究结论:目前关于 LPT 和足月 RDS 婴儿表面活性剂治疗的证据表明,死亡、漏气、PPHN 和呼吸支持持续时间的风险可能降低。鉴于在纳入的研究中决定更换表面活性剂的 CoE 从低到极低,以及广泛变化的阈值,需要进一步的试验。

 

文章出处:

Ramaswamy VVAbiramalatha TBandyopadhyay T, et al. Surfactant therapy in late preterm and term neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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