Nature: 中国研发出非洲猪瘟实验性疫苗

2020-03-21 Nature自然科研 Nature自然科研

中国养殖了4.4亿头猪,其中40%已经因非洲猪瘟死亡。

中国养殖了4.4亿头猪,其中40%已经因非洲猪瘟死亡。
中国研究人员研发了一种实验性疫苗,可以让猪终身不感染一种致命病毒——该病毒在过去18个月里,让生猪数量全球第一的中国损失了大量生猪。不过,病毒学家表示,团队依然需要进行临床试验,以及大规模的疫苗生产。

一种针对非洲猪瘟的实验性疫苗可以为猪提供全生命周期的保护。来源:Qilai Shen/Bloomberg/Getty
非洲猪瘟是一种传染性很强的出血性疾病,尚无特效药或疫苗,受到感染的猪几乎必死无疑,但对人类不会造成伤害。

哈尔滨兽医研究所的病毒学家步志高说:“中国迫切需要能使国内生猪生产恢复的疫苗。”本月初,步志高与人合著的一篇论文发表在《中国科学:生命科学》上1。

步志高说,中国有决心对疫苗开发进行无条件投入。非洲猪瘟病毒已经让中国蒙受了巨大的经济损失——自2018年8月该病毒首次在沈阳出现以来,中国超过4.4亿头的生猪数量已经缩减了40%。不过,目前看来疫情似乎已得到了控制,步志高说。

病毒学家们表示,中国团队在检测疫苗安全性和有效性方面,已经领先了其他团队。数据看起来很有希望,伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校的病毒学家Daniel Rock说。
减毒病毒
从受感染猪的脾脏中分离出病毒以后,步志高团队就开始了疫苗研制。目前在中国传播的毒株与2007年在格鲁吉亚检测到的毒株在遗传学上几乎一模一样,后者在进入中国前曾在东欧传播。

步志高团队研制疫苗的方法是使活病毒减毒。研究人员认为,将猪暴露在这些减毒活病毒中,可以逐渐建立它们的免疫响应,保护它们不受致命性野生型毒株的侵袭。通过这种方法让动物接种疫苗,可以成功抵抗经典猪瘟和猪细小病毒,Rock说。

为研发出这一实验性疫苗,步志高和他的团队培养了在中国传播的非洲猪瘟病毒的多个毒株,并删除了已知与疾病严重程度相关的几个基因。研究发现,其中一个被删除了7个基因的毒株,可以保护四头7周大的猪不受该病毒感染。

高剂量接种过这种减毒毒株的猪,当暴露于野生型病毒时,只会出现轻微症状,或没有症状。英国皮尔布赖特研究所(The Pirbright Institute)病毒学家Linda Dixon称,这个结果“是你希望看到的”。

在对商品猪的进一步研究中,步志高团队发现,两轮高剂量接种可以保护这些猪终身不受感染——商品猪的存活时间一般只有五个月。
部分风险
减毒疫苗的风险在于,它们有可能变异成更致命的毒株,Rock说。比如,1960年代引入西班牙和葡萄牙的非洲猪瘟疫苗,后来导致出现了一种衰弱性、慢性形式的病毒——有时候仍可以导致猪死亡。

为了确保安全性,中国团队进行了之前没有对实验性减毒猪瘟疫苗开展过的测试,Rock说。

在其中一个测试中,研究人员给猪注射这种减毒病毒,采集含有这种病毒的血样,再注射进第二组猪的体内,一直重复到第五组猪,过程中并没有出现减毒病毒毒力返强的情况。论文中写道,接种了实验性疫苗的怀孕母猪也能产下健康的猪崽。

但Dixon指出,一个经过工程改造的病毒毒株只被删除了7个基因中的6个,在上述传代过程中,这个毒株逆转成了更有害的毒株。她认为这是需要进一步研究的。

步志高说,大量实验已经表明,缺失7个基因的变异体出现这种毒力逆转的风险较小。不过,在疫苗正式推出前,他的团队还要对1万-2万头猪进行一次临床试验。

Dixon说,疫苗开发的另一个主要障碍在于,缺少可以低成本大量生产这种减毒病毒的细胞系。她说,目前还没有可以生产出疫苗所需的病毒的连续生长的细胞系。但她正在与芝加哥的生物技术公司Aptimmune Biologics的创始人Federico Zuckermann合作,后者研发了一种候选细胞系。目前,双方正在检测其用于生产格鲁吉亚毒株减毒疫苗的能力。

原始出处:
Smriti Mallapaty. China closes in on vaccine for deadly pig virus. Nature.13 MARCH 2020

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    2021-02-28 lujian
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    2021-01-17 liye789132251
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    2020-03-23 lqvr
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    2020-03-23 muzishouyi

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Nature:姜世勃不宜炒作新冠病毒疫苗,安全性**

在全球范围内,我正在看到努力支持旨在开发针对COVID-19的疫苗和治疗药物:美国和中国的研究小组已经计划在健康的人类志愿者中测试疫苗。