短期暴露于PM2.5与心肺疾病死亡率增加存在关联

2019-05-16 佚名 澎湃新闻

5月15日,全国政协委员、中国疾病预防控制中心环境所所长施小明在《环境与健康:从卫生健康视角看生态环境保护》的主题演讲中回应了上述问题。

5月15日,全国政协委员、中国疾病预防控制中心环境所所长施小明在《环境与健康:从卫生健康视角看生态环境保护》的主题演讲中回应了上述问题。

施小明一直致力于流行病学研究、公共卫生与疾病控制工作,先后主持国家及国际合作科研课题十余项。曾作为技术牵头人,参与国家生活饮用水标准、室内空气质量标准的修订起草。

近年来,中国以前所未有的政策密度向污染宣战,“大气十条”、“水十条”、“土十条”等接连出台。

施小明在委员讲堂中指出,我国以PM2.5为代表的空气污染一度形势非常严峻,2004-2013年京津冀地区PM2.5浓度的十年平均值超过100微克/立方米,更为严重的地区达到120。2013年“大气十条”出台,至2017年,全国PM2.5的浓度降到了58微克/立方米,污染物的排放也在逐年减少。

水环境污染同样不容忽视,施小明指出,我国有近1/3的水体,水质是四类、五类或者劣五类,不能作为集中式水源的供应地。同时湖泊和水库的水质也有问题,对湖泊水质影响最大的是富营养化。2015年的“水十条”启动了强力监管和严格问责,总体来看,流域水体和湖泊水库的水质已经得到改善。

我国卫生健康部门主要负责监测评价环境质量对健康的影响和变化,同时开展科学研究。

据施小明介绍,基于中国272个城市的研究发现,短期暴露于PM2.5与中国人群各类心肺疾病死亡率增加之间存在关联。

PM2.5的日浓度每增加10个微克每立方米,非意外总死亡风险增加0.22%。受累人群主要是两类,一是75岁以上的老人,因为伴有一些基础性疾病而易受空气污染影响;另一类是教育程度较低的人群,对防护措施采取得较少。

从慢性死亡风险看,长期暴露于PM2.5会增加老年人死亡风险,超死亡率提升8%。并且,大气污染物主要影响人体的心肺功能,有科学证据表明会对血管、呼吸系统带来影响。此外,国际上有研究表明,长期暴露于PM2.5,会导致肺癌发病和死亡人数增加。

他还谈到,长期饮用不健康的水,会导致地方病。这是指由于水中某些微量元素过多或严重缺乏而引起的地方性非传染性疾病,我国常见的饮用水问题导致的地方病包括地方性氟中毒、地方性砷中毒和地方性甲状腺肿。

水污染还会带来慢性病,研究显示,水污染对消化系统和泌尿系统会产生影响。

“污染物质难以避免,空气污染、食品污染,家里的家用化学品、女性化妆品都可能使人体接触到污染物质。”施小明指出,“总的来说,通过环境暴露接触的剂量和浓度是非常低的,属于低剂量长期暴露,尤其影响的是脆弱人群,包括孕妇、胎儿、小孩,还有老年疾病患者。”

对于社会普遍关注的雾霾天自我防护,施小明强调,普通一次性无纺布口罩能阻挡一些颗粒物,但对于细颗粒物是无效的。在重污染天气,要减少PM2.5影响,一定要戴KN95口罩,效果最好。

其列举的研究数据显示,KN95挂耳式配呼吸阀口罩能减少89.90%的PM2.5,KN95头戴式无呼吸阀口罩能减少84.90%。不过要注意口罩的面部契合程度和使用时限。

此外,在门窗关闭的情况下,使用空气净化器能使得室内PM2.5浓度明显下降。施小明表示,紧紧关闭门窗,PM2.5浓度比室外低30%,使用空气净化器后,能减少70%甚至更多。

据悉,“委员讲堂”节目由全国政协领导同志提议创设,旨在组织政协委员结合自身实际,全面深入地学习宣传习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,深入阐述对党和国家重大决策部署的认识与理解,进一步加强思想政治引领、广泛凝聚共识,提高人民政协在建言资政和凝聚共识方面双向发力工作的质量,影响和带动广大政协委员和界别群众凝聚在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的旗帜下,共同为实现党的十九大确定的各项目标任务努力奋斗。

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