常见皮肤瘙痒的鉴别和护理

2022-06-14 烧伤科医生陈郑礼 网络

常见皮肤瘙痒的鉴别和护理

一、皮肤瘙痒

(1)急性瘙痒

急性突发瘙痒往往跟皮肤的局部刺激、碰到过敏原等有关系,比如被蚊虫叮咬等。一般情况下短时间内可以缓解。

瘙痒剧烈可以口服氯雷他定、西替利嗪、依巴斯汀、咪唑斯汀等止痒,局部皮肤发红或者块状风团样,可以外擦炉甘石洗剂缓解(炉甘石洗剂不能用于皮肤溃烂、毛发以及粘膜处)。症状持续加重需及时就医。

(2)慢性瘙痒

慢性皮炎湿疹(或患有尿毒症、慢性肝病患者的皮肤)平时居家护理要求较高。这类病友要注意不要反复搔抓皮肤,否则皮肤容易破损继发感染,加重症状。

清洁皮肤尽量不要用肥皂,肥皂中的表面活性剂会破坏皮肤表层的脂质和蛋白导致表层破坏。建议使用无刺激(不含表面活性剂)低敏配方的清洁剂(ph值在5.5-6之间)来清洗。

沐浴/淋浴时热水温度设定在38℃~40℃左右比较好,因为皮肤温度≥42℃时会引起瘙痒,而36℃~40℃是恢复皮肤屏障功能的最佳温度。

二、皮肤干燥

皮肤干燥引起的瘙痒在冬季较多,需要皮肤保湿。但是有慢性皮炎湿疹,或者内脏疾病相关的皮肤病患者每日保湿必不可少。

有朋友喜欢在家里存放OTC类药膏,比如氢化可的松类软膏,瘙痒时涂抹皮肤局部。这类药膏属于弱效糖皮质激素软膏,短期使用可以,长期使用会导致皮肤的萎缩、毛细血管扩张,面部瘙痒不要自行使用激素类外用药。

三、搔抓破溃

瘙痒搔抓引起的皮肤破溃不能使用糖皮质激素软膏,可以外用莫匹罗星这类消炎药膏。

足跟部位干燥开裂往往跟真菌感染有关,除了外用保湿药膏滋润皮肤外,还可以联合外用联苯苄唑软膏、酮康唑软膏、特比萘芬软膏等抗真菌药膏。此外可以适当补充A和B族维生素。

四、手部湿疹

手部湿疹非常常见,严重的慢性顽固性手部湿疹给患者的生活带来很大的影响。

手部湿疹临床表现为红斑、水疱、丘疹、鳞屑、皲裂及角化过度,常伴随疼痛和瘙痒。

这类患者首先要避免接触刺激物或者过敏原,比如肥皂、洗洁精或者刺激性强的消毒剂。尤其是疫情期间,居家消杀必不可少,操作时须注意防护并戴好手套,避免直接接触消毒药水。

局部外用温和的保湿药膏、皮质类固醇乳膏或软膏。特别严重的手部湿疹需要口服药物控制或者光疗等。

五、手癣

手癣和湿疹的鉴别,即使是经验丰富的医生有时候也难以判断,需要皮肤镜检查才能确诊。

一般来说:手癣分布是不对称的,没有规律,而且会从小到大地发展。手癣常见于夏季。

湿疹一般是对称分布,有接触史,以手指腹为多见,因为这个部位接触东西最多,程度会看着很重,可能有红斑、丘疹、水疱、脱屑等等。

手癣需要使用抗真菌药物,比如联苯苄唑乳膏或者特比萘芬乳膏。

六、汗疱疹

汗疱疹的治疗,在不同的病程有不同的选择。

如果水疱没有破损,且不多,可以涂抹一些炉甘石洗剂或者樟脑霜等。

有些瘙痒比较剧烈,可以在医生指导下使用一些糖皮质激素药膏,比如糠酸莫米松乳膏、丁酸氢化可的松乳膏等。

如果患者外用药效果不佳,可以口服一些抗组胺药物。

后期水疱干凅后形成脱皮,露出红色新生上皮,薄而嫩,可以外用一些保湿药物。

有些患者认为汗疱疹是因为体内湿气在作怪,选择了一些抗真菌药物治疗汗疱疹,这是比较常见的一种误区

需要强调的是:治疗汗疱疹的过程中,忌热水烫水疱,或用利器挑破水疱或用手抓水疱,皮肤破了治疗也更麻烦。此外,要尽避免接触强碱性物质,比如肥皂、洗洁精等。

汗疱疹属于一种内源性过敏性疾病,确实会反复发生,预防汗疱疹最关键在于增加自身免疫力,放松心态,长期的坚持适当的锻炼。建议患者选用全棉的袜子,不宜穿化纤和晴纶的袜子,生活中尽量避免接触容易导致过敏的物质。

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    2022-11-01 ms6000000416639254

    谢谢老师分享

    0

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    2022-11-01 ms6000000416639254

    现在老师分享

    0

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    2022-06-15 listen318
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    2022-06-14 ms2000000284035657

    学习了

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    2022-06-14 ms6000000960504356

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