Diabetologia:糖尿病合并主动脉狭窄与NF-κB表达增加以及更明显的瓣膜钙化有关

2021-11-12 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)是一种进行性疾病,与主动脉瓣口减少和由于钙积聚而导致的小叶活动减少有关。

 

主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)是一种进行性疾病,与主动脉瓣口减少和由于钙积聚而导致的小叶活动减少有关。这种缺陷的后果是左心室进入主动脉的血液排出功能受损。这是西方成年人中最常见的获得性瓣膜心脏病,没有可用的药物治疗。65岁以上人群中AS的患病率在2%到7%之间。据估计,到2030年,全球将有450万例AS。主动脉瓣置换术,无论是外科手术还是经皮置换术,都是治疗AS的唯一有效方法。虽然这两种方法都有很好的结果,但手术治疗仍然是绝大多数患者的首选治疗方法主动脉瓣退变的最初阶段是高剪应力对内皮的损伤。然后,目前发现与细胞内脂质、脂蛋白和钙化介质的内皮下聚集,以及局部和全身炎症的激活有关。高血糖被认为是促进主动脉瓣纤维化和钙化的代谢状态之一,其机制复杂,涉及瓣膜蛋白糖基化、活性氧(ROS)生成、炎症和凝血激活。尽管导致这种调节失调的关键机制还不完全清楚,但AGEs的形成已被认为是启动和/或升级瓣膜钙化的一个因素。

目的:2型糖尿病已被证实易发生主动脉瓣钙化。我们研究了2型糖尿病合并主动脉狭窄(AS)是否通过上调NF-κB的表达,进而增加骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)的表达来增强瓣膜炎症和凝血活性。

方法:2016年8月至2019年4月,我们招募了50例AS合并2型糖尿病患者和100例年龄、性别相近的无糖尿病及AS患者作为对照组。所有参与者在登记前至少5年被诊断为糖尿病,所有人都接受胰岛素或口服降糖剂治疗。为了排除成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病(LADA),对糖尿病参与者的GAD65抗体和C肽浓度进行了评估。GAD自身抗体阴性和C肽在正常范围内的参与者被归类为2型糖尿病。在主动脉瓣置换术前24小时,所有服用口服降糖剂的参与者都改用胰岛素。所有糖尿病患者和作为对照组的非糖尿病患者均常规进行空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1)测定。糖尿病确诊后的中位病程为11年(7~18年),其中36例(72%)糖化血红蛋白(≥)为48mmolmol(≥6.5%),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)呈正相关。对瓣膜置换术中获取的主动脉瓣进行NF-κB、BMP-2、凝血酶原(FII)和活性因子X(FXA)免疫组织化学染色。从获得的瓣膜分离出的瓣膜间质细胞(VICs)进行体外培养,进行力学实验和PCR检测。

结果:与非糖尿病组比较,糖尿病组瓣膜NF-κB、BMP-2、FII和FXA表达增强(ALP≤0.001)。NF-κB和BMP-2的表达与瓣膜FII和FXA的数量呈正相关。仅在糖尿病参与者中,瓣膜NF-κB的表达与血清HbA1c水平强烈相关,与果糖胺中度相关。重要的是,在糖尿病患者中,NF-κB的瓣膜表达与主动脉瓣面积(AVA)和最大跨瓣压差相关。体外血管内皮细胞培养实验显示,葡萄糖(11mmoL/l)可上调NF-κB和BMP-2的表达(p<0.001)。在葡萄糖和活性氧(ROS)抑制剂(N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸)联合作用下,NF-κB和BMP-2的表达受到明显抑制。在与葡萄糖联合NF-κB抑制剂(BAY11-7082)培养的VICs中也观察到了类似的效果,提示高剂量的葡萄糖激活了VICs的氧化应激,导致了促炎作用。对VICs基因表达的分析证实了这些结果:葡萄糖使RELA(NF-κB p65亚单位)的表达增加6.9倍,ROS和NF-κB抑制剂分别使RELA的表达降低1.8倍和3.2倍。

表 AS、合并或不合并2型糖尿病患者的基线特征

图1 AS合并2型糖尿病患者与无糖尿病AS患者主动脉瓣狭窄中NF-κB和BMP-2的表达比较。(A)瓣膜NF-κB和BMP-2表达的代表性显微照片(红色箭头表示瓣叶的主动脉侧;黄色箭头表示表达的免疫阳性区域)。标尺,200BMP m.(B,c)显示NF-BMP B(B)和n dμ-2(C)瓣膜表达的盒图。(b,c)κ-B(B)和n d BMP-2(C)的瓣膜表达。与非糖尿病组比较**p<0.01和*p<0.001,糖化血红蛋白<48mmolmol/†††组(<6.5%)与糖尿病组比较,hbA1c<0.001组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。(d,e)伴有(D)和不伴有(E)糖尿病的AS患者中NF-κB和BMP-2的瓣膜表达之间的关系。DM,AS,伴有2型糖尿病;Non-DM, AS,不伴有糖尿病

图2 AS及伴发2型糖尿病患者瓣膜NF-κB表达与血糖控制血清标志物的相关性。散点图反映了瓣膜NF-κB表达与血清葡萄糖水平(A)、瓣膜NF-κB表达与血清HbA1c浓度(B)、瓣膜NF-κB表达与血清果糖胺水平(C)的相关性。

图3 AS合并2型糖尿病患者与无糖尿病AS患者主动脉瓣狭窄中FII和FXA的表达比较。(A)瓣膜FII和FXA表达的代表性显微照片(红色箭头表示瓣叶的主动脉侧;黄色箭头表示表达的免疫阳性区域)。标尺,200μm。(B)显示FII和FXA瓣膜表达水平的条形图。数值为中位数(IQR)。*p<0.001与非糖尿病组比较。(c-f)散点图显示AS合并2型糖尿病患者瓣膜NF-κB a n d F I(C)、NF-κB a n d F X a(D)、BMP-2和FII(E)、BMP-2和F X A(F)之间存在相关性。DM,AS,伴有2型糖尿病;Non-DM, AS,不伴有糖尿病

图4 AS和合并2型糖尿病患者中炎症、钙化和凝血因子的瓣膜表达与疾病严重程度的关系散点图显示了NF-κB与AVA (a)、NF-κB与PGmax(b)、BMP-2与AVA (c)、BMP-2与PGmax(d)、FII与AVA (e)、FII与PGmax(f)、FXa与AVA (g)、FXa与PGmax(h)的相关性。

结论:2型糖尿病可增强狭窄瓣膜内的局部炎症和凝血活性。糖尿病患者瓣膜NF-κB表达增高不仅与血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和果糖胺水平有关,而且与AVA和跨瓣梯度有关,提示AS合并2型糖尿病患者需要严格的长期血糖控制。这项研究表明,将这些变量维持在正常范围内可能会减缓AS的进展速度。

原文出处:

Kopytek M,  Mazur P,  Ząbczyk M,  Undas A,  Natorska J,Diabetes concomitant to aortic stenosis is associated with increased expression of NF-κB and more pronounced valve calcification.Diabetologia 2021 Sep 07

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    2021-11-12 湘雅科教

    已拜读,受益匪浅。

    0

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