戴先鹏:经颈静脉肝内门体分流术TIPS的围手术期处理

2020-10-31 门诊杂志 门诊新视野

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术是指经颈静脉入路从肝静脉穿刺肝内门静脉,在肝静脉与门静脉之间建立门-体分流道,达到降低门静脉压力、治疗食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血和顽固性腹腔积液等一系列门静脉高压并发症的介入治疗。

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)是指经颈静脉入路从肝静脉穿刺肝内门静脉,在肝静脉与门静脉之间建立门-体分流道,达到降低门静脉压力、治疗食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血和顽固性腹腔积液等一系列门静脉高压并发症的微创介入治疗技术。在长沙举行的第八届湘雅血管论坛上,来自南华大学附属第二医院血管外科的戴先鹏副主任医师就TIPS的围手术期处理作了精彩的演讲。

术前评估

TIPS适应证

1)急性静脉曲张出血:对于经药物和内镜治疗失败的急性出血(5 d内不能控制的出血或再出血),覆膜支架TIPS可以作出挽救措施。对于急性出血的患者,在初次药物联合内镜治疗后,若存在治疗失败的高危因素(Child-Pugh评分C级<14分或Child-Pugh评分B级有活动性出血)应在72 h内行覆膜支架TIPS治疗。


2)预防食管静脉曲张再出血:预防食管静脉曲张再出血时,TIPS或外科手术都可以作为内镜联合药物治疗失败后的二线治疗,而对于肝功能较差的患者,则优先选择覆膜支架TIPS。

3)顽固性腹腔积液、肝性胸腔积液和肝肾综合征:对肝硬化顽固性或复发性腹腔积液,建议优先考虑覆膜支架TIPS治疗;TIPS能有效控制肝性胸腔积液,是治疗顽固性肝性胸腔积液的重要方法,但需确认经低盐饮食及利尿剂治疗无效;TIPS可以作为肝肾综合征(HRS)的一项探索性治疗方法,尤其对于II型HRS患者,其治疗地位需进一步随机对照研究结果来确定。

4)布加综合征(BCS):推荐所有BCS患者接受抗凝治疗;混合型BCS患者考虑行TIPS治疗前,应先采用球囊扩张及支架植入开通下腔静脉。

5)门静脉血栓(PVT)、门静脉海绵样变:TIPS在肝硬化或非肝硬化PVT患者中是可行的,但当存在门静脉海绵样变性、门静脉纤维化或肝内门静脉血栓时,其失败率和并发症相对较高。如果患者无肝移植计划,且门静脉或肠系膜上静脉开通不完全,可以考虑将支架延伸到门静脉或肠系膜上静脉。

手术禁忌证

绝对禁忌证包括充血性心力衰竭或重度瓣膜性心功能不全、难以控制的全身感染或炎症、Child-Pugh评分>13分、重度肺动脉高压、严重肾功能不全、快速进展的肝衰竭、肝脏弥漫性恶性肿瘤以及对比剂过敏。

相对禁忌证包括先天性肝内胆管囊状扩张、肝脏体积明显缩小、多囊性肝病、门静脉海绵样变等。

术前,还应对患者肝功能进行评估,同时利用CTV评估肝静脉和门静脉,以设计穿刺点的角度、穿刺针的弧度以及穿刺道的深度。

术后处理


TIPS操作相关并发症包括颈部血肿、肝薄膜刺破、门静脉胆管瘘、肝动脉、门静脉血管壁损伤出血等,可通过延长压迫时间、提高操作技术、严格选择患者、必要时开腹检查、提高操作技术、应用抗生素等措施进行防治。
肝性脑病的防治:TIPS术后1年HE的发生率为15%~48%,多出现在术后1~3个月;严格掌握手术适应证有助于减少脑病的发生。术后栓塞曲张静脉、增加肝脏灌注、术后保持大便通畅,预防性使用药物,多数患者可内科治疗而控制。少数患者(3%~7%)内科治疗无效,可用分流道内放置限流支架或球囊堵塞支架,控制分流道直径、减少分流量,改善肝性脑病的同时保持分流道的通畅;肝移植被认为是难治性HE的最终治疗方法。

支架失功的防治:穿刺点尽量靠近下腔静脉;支架上端尽可能接近肝静脉入下腔静脉口、突出下腔静脉约0.5~1.0 cm(无肝移植愿望);门静脉端应顺应血管走行。

TIPS支架狭窄或闭塞的防治:使用覆膜支架能明显减少TIPS分流道狭窄的发生,提高远期通畅率;TIPS术后随访检查首选超声,可通过血流过快或过慢均提示狭窄可能,早期干预。处理方法包括球囊扩张再通、支架再植入、重新建立分流道。通过监测和修正,可使几乎所有病例维持或恢复支架通畅,80%的患者支架维持通畅3~5年。

术后抗凝:目前国内外指南对TIPS术后抗凝问题均未予以明确建议,现有方案多是借鉴DVT术后抗凝;肝功能差,凝血功能差,抗凝需慎重;无血栓不常规抗凝,尤其是肝功能差、凝血功能差的患者;有血栓酌情抗凝治疗3~6个月(利伐沙班10 mg)。

总 结

TIPS术联合BRTO,起到了分流加断流术的双重作用,有效地减少再发出血,促进腹水、胸水的吸收。规范的围手术期处理有利于提高手术成功率。严格术后随访有利于监测支架功能、延缓支架失功、提高患者生存率。

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    2021-07-13 yige2011
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    2020-11-02 chengjn
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    2020-10-31 ms3000001672129789

    学习了

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