小儿特发性肺动脉高压1例

2017-12-20 熊长明 肺血管病

患儿,女,9岁。因活动后心悸、气短入院。其父亲死于肺动脉高压,家属中无其他人有类似疾病。查体:无发绀,左胸稍隆起,心界不大,心尖搏动呈抬举性,双肺未闻及干湿啰音。患儿发病的原因是否与遗传性的因素有关呢?

患儿,女,9岁。因活动后心悸、气短入院。其父亲死于肺动脉高压,家属中无其他人有类似疾病。查体:无发绀,左胸稍隆起,心界不大,心尖搏动呈抬举性,双肺未闻及干湿啰音。患儿发病的原因是否与遗传性的因素有关呢?

临床资料】

患儿,女,9岁。因活动后心悸、气短1年入院,活动时晕厥过一次,无咯血。其父亲30岁死于肺动脉高压,其他亲属中无类似疾病。

查体:体重27kg,身高132cm,R 20次/分,BP 90/70mmHg,神清,生长发育营养正常,无发绀,左胸稍隆起,心界不大,心尖搏动呈抬举性,HR 87次/分,P2亢进,双肺未闻及干湿啰音,肝脏不大,无杵状指(趾),下肢无水肿。

实验室检查:Hb 149g/L,RBC 4.94×1012/L,WBC 7.64×109/L,PLT 177×109/L;CRP、ESR、肝肾功能正常、类风湿因子、抗核抗体、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体均阴性。血气分析:pH 7.45,PO2 90.4mmHg,PCO2 34.8mmHg,SaO2 97.8%。

心电图(图11-1):窦性心律,电轴右偏,右心室肥厚。


图11-1 心电图:电轴右偏,右心室肥厚,广泛ST-T改变

心脏超声:左心房、室不大,右心扩大,左心室射血分数55%,估测肺动脉收缩压96mmHg,其余未见异常。

X线胸片(图11-2):两肺纹理大致正常,未见实变,主动脉结不宽,肺动脉


图11-2 X线胸片:两肺纹理大致正常,未见实变,主动脉结不宽,肺动脉段凸出,右心房、室增大,心胸比0.57

肺动脉增强CT(图11-3):主肺动脉扩张,各分支未见充盈缺损及狭窄,右心房、室扩大。


图11-3 主肺动脉扩张,各分支未见充盈缺损及狭窄,右心房、室扩大

右心导管检查:测量肺动脉平均压67mmHg,全肺阻力1792.8dyn?s/cm5,肺毛细血管楔压5mmHg,吸入伊洛前列素后急性肺血管扩张试验阴性。

【讨论】

患儿以活动后气短、晕厥入院,超声心动图提示肺动脉高压,对于儿童来说首先需要排除先天性心血管疾病所致肺动脉高压,但超声心动图、肺血管增强CT及右心导管检查除外先天性心血管疾病和左心疾病,肺部增强CT亦未见肺血管发育畸形及肺实质、间质病变等,临床及实验室检查除结缔组织病等疾病,患儿父亲20岁时死于肺动脉高压,但其他亲属无类似疾病,故诊断特发性肺动脉高压(IPAH),因未做基因检测,只能推测可能与家族遗传有关。

国外资料显示儿童IPAH约占儿童PAH患者的35%~60%,国内刘雪芹等对276例儿童肺动脉高压病因学进行分析,结果表明:男168例,女108例;年龄1个月~17岁,中位年龄9个月。其中特发性PAH 9例(3.3%),余267例(96.7%)均为相关性PAH,其中以先心病相关性肺动脉高压为主,共245例(88.7%),其中又以室间隔缺损等左向右分流先心病为主,共217例(88.6%),复杂先心病相关PAH 28例(11.4%),结缔组织病相关PAH 19例(6.9%),2例与门脉高压相关,1例与珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血相关。以往的研究结果显示,成人IPAH的预后差,病死率高,但儿童IPAH的预后比成人还要差,平均生存时间只有10个月。儿童IPAH最常见的症状为劳累性呼吸困难,53%~66%的IPAH患儿出现该症状,晕厥是儿童IPAH第二常见症状,可达36%。此外,IPAH患儿在诊断时WHO功能分级多为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。

不经治疗的IPAH患儿的自然病况比成年患者差;但是患儿治疗后的结果好于成年患者。不幸的是,由于儿童肺动脉高压研究的数据有限,为患儿制订治疗策略是常常要参考成人肺动脉高压的研究结果,具有儿童肺动脉高压治疗适应证的药物选择仍然十分有限。根据儿童肺动脉高压专家共识意见,患儿确诊肺动脉高压后如无禁忌证情况下的最初治疗包括洋地黄、利尿剂、华法林抗凝,如果有临床指征则加用氧疗。若急性肺血管扩张试验呈阳性,则患者还应接受大剂量钙通道阻滞剂治疗;阴性患者和WHO肺动脉高压功能分级仍为Ⅲ级的患者考虑使用靶向药物如内皮素受体拮抗剂(如波生坦)、5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(如西地那非)、前列环素类药物(如伊洛前列素吸入剂)。病情加重患者可以使用静注前列环素类药物治疗(国内尚缺乏此类药物静脉制剂)。联合靶向药物治疗对于单药靶向治疗无改善或恶化的患儿的疗效尚缺乏循证医学证据。房间隔造口术和心肺移植术可考虑用于难治性肺动脉高压。

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    2017-12-20 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-12-20 明天jing

    肺动脉高压表面是罕见病,事实上临床上并不少见,治疗药物虽然有一些,但是整体仍然不理解,可能未来需要采用综合治疗措施。

    0

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    2017-12-20 sunfeifeiyang

    学习

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    2017-12-20 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

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