超声与MRI联合产前诊断泌尿生殖系统复杂畸形1例

2020-01-06 张立 冯伟 王瑜 中国现代医学杂志

32岁孕妇,既往怀孕2次,生产1次,无流产史,末次月经:2016年8月23日,临床孕周:25周3d。唐氏综合征产前筛选检查及无创DNA诊断:高风险,夫妻均体健,无家族遗传病史。行胎儿系统筛查。

1.临床资料
 
32岁孕妇,既往怀孕2次,生产1次,无流产史,末次月经:2016年8月23日,临床孕周:25周3d。唐氏综合征产前筛选检查及无创DNA诊断:高风险,夫妻均体健,无家族遗传病史。行胎儿系统筛查
 
超声显示孕周:25周2d,右肾大小约3.2 cm×2.1 cm×2.0 cm,右肾主动脉血流频谱S收缩期峰值流速:35 cm/s,D舒张末期流速:3 cm/s,RI阻力指数:0.91,S收缩期峰值流速/D舒张末期流速:11.52。左肾区未见明显肾脏样回声,于胎儿盆腔紧邻髂总动脉分叉左侧可见一大小约4.6 cm×2.5 cm的混合性回声,边界欠清晰,内可见数个大小不等且不相同的囊状无回声,其中较大者约2.4 cm×1.5 cm(见图1)。超声检查显示左侧盆腔异位肾并多囊性改变。



MRI检查显示左侧肾脏区未见正常肾脏样结构,在左侧盆腔内可见多发长T1(低)长T2(高)信号,信号均匀,其内可见多发粗细不均分隔(见图2)。MRI检查显示左侧盆腔异位并多囊肾。



经上级医院确诊,孕妇行产前遗传咨询,放弃继续妊娠。胎儿标本进行解剖:①左侧肾区未见正常肾脏,左盆腔可见肾脏结构,呈多囊样改变,肉眼可见8个囊泡,囊泡平滑光亮、呈琥珀样串珠,最大3个囊泡的直径分别为:1.87、1.65和1.34 cm;②膀胱两侧脐动脉粗大,囊性包块紧贴于膀胱并与之相通;③子宫、膀胱相通;④经探针发现阴道与尿道均与膀胱相通;⑤其余器官的形态、位置未见异常(见图3)。笔者诊断:左侧异位并多囊性发育不良肾,子宫与膀胱相通,尿道与阴道瘘道相通。



2.讨论
 
多囊性发育不良肾的流行病学和病理特征等与成人多囊肾有明显的区别。多囊性发育不良肾多见于单侧,无遗传性,发病率为1∶3000,肾脏体积增大,轮廓不清,肾盂扩张,肾血流减少,可见葡萄串状、大小不等且不相通的囊肿,囊间可见小岛状、小块状正常实质回声。成人型多囊肾多见于双侧,为常染色体显性遗传病,发病率为1∶1000,双肾体积不对称增大,形状不规整,无正常肾组织,回声增强,囊肿的大小小于前者,可合并多囊肝和多囊肺。
 
胎儿期多囊性发育不良肾囊肿数量并不多,应结合家族病史、病因、有无合并其他畸形、膀胱及羊水情况与成人型多囊肾相区别。中、晚孕期,羊水主要来源于肾脏,胎儿肾脏囊性病变会导致肾功能下降,羊水生成受阻。单侧发病对羊水生成影响较小,双侧会导致膀胱不清、羊水生成降低,所以膀胱、羊水指标可以用于鉴别诊断。超声检查发现左侧盆腔异位肾并多囊性改变,MRI检查验证该结果,因此MRI检查可作为产前超声胎儿的的补充检查,MRI检查不受羊水影响,可对诊断肾脏畸形提供更好的诊断依据。解剖显示子宫异常连接于膀胱,尿道与阴道瘘道相通,而超声、MRI检查均未发现,因此如何通过超声、MRI检查泌尿生殖系统之间的异常关系,还有待进一步研究。
 
原始出处:

张立,冯伟,王瑜,安鹏,袁文欢,蔡兰兰.超声与MRI联合产前诊断泌尿生殖系统复杂畸形1例[J].中国现代医学杂志,2019(02):127-128.

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    2020-07-06 周虎
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    2020-01-08 wushaoling
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    2020-01-08 qilu_qi

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