医院感控ABC:水痘-带状疱疹病毒院内感染预防与控制

2020-10-10 金嘉琳 华山感染

01

01

VZV可引起哪些疾病?

VZV可引起两种不同的临床疾病:水痘和带状疱疹。原发性VZV感染引起弥漫性水疱疹,即水痘。潜伏性VZV的内源性再激活则引起局限性皮肤感染,即带状疱疹。

02

为什么医院里VZV感染的控制那么重要?

01 水痘患者具有高度传染性,带状疱疹传染性相对较低

02.水痘在健康人中常常是相对良性的疾病,但也有相对严重的并发症,如肺炎

03. 免疫功能缺陷者和新生儿可能出现严重并发症,包括死亡

04. 妊娠妇女感染VZV可致先天性水痘综合征或新生儿水痘。

03

水痘有哪些临床表现?如何识别水痘患者?

急性起病,开始有发热、头痛、全身不适等,约1天后出现皮肤斑疹、丘疹、水疱、痂疹等,从胸、背、面部到全身分布,皮疹分批出现,各期皮疹同时存在(四世同堂),呈向心性分布,躯干皮肤最多。

水痘多见于儿童,免疫功能正常的儿童,通常呈良性自限性。但是免疫缺陷患者,水痘可以十分严重。

04

水痘的并发症有哪些?

疫苗接种大大减轻了疾病的临床表现,但是仍有可能发生并发症,包括:细菌性继发感染,如皮肤/软组织感染;神经系统并发症(脑炎和Reye综合征);水痘肺炎;水痘性肝炎;其他包括腹泻、咽炎和中耳炎等。

05

水痘的潜伏期?传染期有多久?

水痘潜伏期为8-21日,多数患者在14-16日发病。水痘患者在出疹前24-48小时即有传染性,水痘结痂后病毒消失。因此一般传染期为出疹前1-2天至皮损结痂(24小时内无新皮疹出现),约4-7天。正常宿主在出疹后有传染性的时间约持续5日,而免疫功能受损宿主的传染性可能持续更长时间。

06

VZV的传播方式?

人类是VZV已知的唯一宿主。水痘感染者和再激活导致带状疱疹的患者均会导致VZV院内传播。VZV主要通过飞沫和空气途径在人际间传播,亲密接触时传播效率最高。水痘通过接触感染者鼻咽分泌物的雾化飞沫或通过皮肤直接接触皮损处的水疱液而传播给易感宿主。

07

水痘需要治疗吗?

大多数健康儿童的水痘可以自行消退。大多数患者需要支持治疗。

是否需要启动抗病毒治疗取决于患者年龄、有无共存疾病及临床表现。12岁以下健康儿童,通常并不给予抗病毒治疗。对于已经出现并发症或出现并发症风险较高患者,如未接种过疫苗的青年人和成人、妊娠女性和免疫功能受损者,抗病毒治疗可以减轻症状和/或降低并发症风险。无并发症的免疫功能正常者,可以口服伐昔洛韦或阿昔洛韦。免疫功能受损患者可以静脉阿昔洛韦。

发热时可以给予乙酰氨基酚退热。但应避免给予阿司匹林类药物,避免引发Reye综合征。

08

水痘可以预防吗?

是的,水痘疫苗可以预防水痘的发生。

虽然接种疫苗不能100%预防,但是可以明显降低严重并发症及死亡风险。

儿童应在12-15月龄时注射一剂水痘疫苗,4-6岁时注射另一剂。需要注射2剂单独的疫苗才能达到最佳效果。

09

如何评估医护人员对VZV的免疫力?

医护人员初次从业前均应筛查VZV免疫力,即如果之前没有患过水痘、带状疱疹或相应的疫苗接种,无禁忌症时均应接受免疫接种。

有以下情况时说明医护人员已经具有免疫力:

1. 接种过两剂水痘疫苗的证明

2. 具有免疫力的实验室证据

3. 带状疱疹病史或诊断证明

4. 水痘病史或诊断证明。

10

没有免疫力的医护人员如何获得抵抗力?

所有无免疫接种禁忌证的易感医护人员都应接种水痘疫苗。应在接种首剂疫苗后4-8周接种第2剂。

水痘疫苗

发生VZV院内感染暴露后

可以采取哪些感控措施?

1

控制传染源

感染者或疑似感染者单间隔离;

密切接触者隔离观察3周;

2

切断传播途径

包括采取空气和接触防护措施。

需空气传播隔离防护的患者应安置于单人病房,良好自然通风或负压,每小时至少换气6-12次。隔离病房的门应保持关闭,并且所有进入病房的人都必须戴滤过能力95%的呼吸防护口罩(紧贴口鼻周围皮肤)。

接触防护措施包括,即使预计不会直接接触患者,医护人员在进入病房时也应清洁手部和戴手套。如果可能直接接触患者或任何传染性物质,则应穿隔离衣。

3

保护易感人群

尽量安排对VZV具有免疫力的医护人员管理确诊或疑似患者。所有医护人员室内应戴N95口罩,包括具有免疫力的医务人员。

对于未戴防护罩或N95口罩的易感医护人员,VZV暴露定义为:与VZV感染者同处狭窄空间(即同一病房)或面对面接触。对接触的持续时间看法各异,从5分钟到长达1小时,但不包括短暂接触。

对于已暴露且既往接种过两剂水痘疫苗的医护人员,应在暴露后第8-21日每日监测有无发热、皮损及提示水痘的全身性症状。

医护人员如果暴露于VZV,应在暴露后第8-21日暂停工作。包括:易感水痘的医护人员;仅接种过单剂水痘疫苗的医护人员;暴露后5日以上才接种第2剂水痘疫苗的医护人员。

在暴露后3日内使用水痘疫苗进行暴露后预防,对于预防疾病的效果近80%,还能非常有效地减轻水痘严重程度。

对于血清阴性、且免疫功能受损或处于妊娠期并且因医学禁忌证在从业之初未接种疫苗的医护人员,在暴露后,应考虑给予水痘-带状疱疹免疫球蛋白(VariZIG)。理想情况下,应在暴露后10日内尽快(最好在96小时内)给予。

如果无法获得VariZIG,免疫功能受损或妊娠的易感医护人员可使用口服阿昔洛韦、泛昔洛韦或伐昔洛韦;用药时间均是暴露后第8-21日。

关于疫苗接种

护士

水痘疫苗有什么禁忌症吗?

禁忌症包括

1. 水痘疫苗是一种减毒活疫苗,因此有重度免疫抑制者禁止接种

2. 怀孕或计划不久后怀孕的女性,因活疫苗有可能使胎儿感染。而哺乳期并不是水痘疫苗的禁忌症

3. 对既往水痘疫苗或水痘疫苗成分(如,新霉素、明胶)产生严重过敏反应(如,全身性过敏反应)

4. 未经治疗的活动性结核病

医生

护士

免疫接种后需要检测抗体吗?

92%-99%的成人在两剂水痘疫苗后都会产生抗体,不过,接种疫苗产生的抗体水平低于自然感染产生的抗体,目前检测方法敏感性不够,难以评价。所以接种后不推荐检查抗体水平。

 

参考文献:

1. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Immunization of health-care personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011; 60:1.

3. UpToDate:水痘-带状疱疹病毒院内感染的预防和控制

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