更长的生育期会使女性患阿尔茨海默病的风险更大吗?

2021-07-07 Sunny MedSci原创

雌激素被认为在女性患阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的风险中起作用。

雌激素被认为在女性患阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的风险中起作用。一项新的研究采取了不同的方法来确定AD的风险因素,研究了作为内源性雌激素暴露指标的妇女的生育期与脑脊液生物标志物水平之间的关联。研究结果在线发表于《更年期》,这是北美更年期协会(NAMS)的杂志(Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society)。

阿尔茨海默病占所有痴呆症诊断的60%至70%,成为最常见的痴呆症形式。大约三分之二的AD患者是女性。这并不奇怪,因为年龄是已知最大的AD风险因素,而且女性的寿命往往比男性长。

由于人口老龄化,AD的发病率正在迅速上升,因此已经进行了多项研究以确定其他风险因素,特别是那些可能解释任何性别差异的因素。先前的研究表明较高和较低的雌二醇血液水平与痴呆风险之间存在联系,而其他研究则没有发现任何关联。一些研究表明,绝经后的激素治疗会增加患痴呆症的风险,但其他研究表明风险会降低。同样,认知能力下降与更长和更短的生殖期有关。

尽管有这么多相互矛盾的证据,但很少有研究对雌激素和脑脊液中的AD生物标志物之间的关系进行研究,脑脊液是在大脑和脊髓周围组织中发现的透明体液。在这项新的研究中,对一小部分没有痴呆症并经历了自然绝经的妇女进行了25年的跟踪。根据脑脊液样本的结果,研究人员得出结论,较长的生育期与该疾病临床前阶段的AD生物标志物水平的增加有关然而,他们建议应进行更大规模的研究以证实这些发现。

这项基于人群的小型研究表明,生殖寿命的持续时间(暴露于内源性雌激素的替代标志物)与无痴呆症女性脑脊液中阿尔茨海默病的生物标志物之间存在关联。这一发现需要在更大的研究中得到证实但可能是导致女性阿尔茨海默病负担增加的另一个因素,这至少在一定程度上可能与衰老和女性比男性更长的预期寿命有关。

事实上,该研究证实了2020年哥德堡大学学者的一项44年大型基于人群的研究结果。

这项研究研究显示,与生育期较短的女性相比,生育期较长的女性在老年时患痴呆症的风险更高。该研究现已发表在阿尔茨海默氏症和痴呆症杂志( Alzheimer's & Dementia)上,涵盖了1968年至2012年间在人口研究中被跟踪的1364名女性。

在受研究的生育期较短(32.6岁或以下)的女性中,16%(53/333)患上了痴呆症。在生育时间较长(38岁或以上)的女性组中,24%(88/364)患有痴呆症。

该研究表明,女性每多生育一年,患痴呆症和阿尔茨海默病的风险就会连续增加。对于 85 岁以后痴呆的患者,这种关联最强,而且这种影响与更年期年龄的关联最密切。

在调整了其他有影响的因素后,这些结果仍然存在,例如教育程度、身体活动、BMI、吸烟和血管疾病。另一方面,没有发现痴呆风险与初潮年龄、怀孕次数、母乳喂养持续时间或以激素替代疗法 (HRT) 或口服避孕药形式服用的外源性雌激素之间存在关联。

有专家表示,雌激素的不同结果可能是因为它在生命早期具有保护作用,但一旦疾病开始就可能有害。

大多数更年期延迟的女性不会因为这个因素而患上痴呆症。然而,这项研究可能会提供一个线索,说明为什么在85岁(最常见的发病年龄)之后女性患痴呆症的风险高于男性。另一方面,阿尔茨海默病在症状显现之前大约20年就开始发展。

由于全球老龄化,受痴呆症影响的人数将会增加。为了能够实施预防策略,我们需要确定痴呆症风险升高的人。

参考资料:

1.Reproductive period and dementia: A 44-year longitudinal population study of Swedish women. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12118

2.Could a Longer Reproductive Period Put Women at Greater Risk for Alzheimer Disease?http://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/press-release/reproductive-period-and-biomarkers-for-alzheimer-disease-7-7-21.pdf

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    2021-08-02 ms5000000623652542

    科研路长

    0

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    2021-07-07 1244c0ebm28暂无昵称

    是和激素水平相关吗

    1

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    2021-07-07 Shamrock192

    生育的代价。

    1

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