以颈椎病为首诊的类风湿关节炎一例

2020-04-29 李雪 袁杰 张桂友 实用疼痛学杂志

类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种以周围关节多发性关节炎为特征的慢性、全身性炎症性疾病,其最常见的影响关节为手足关节。此外,颈椎也常受累于RA,其发生率约80%,仅次

类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种以周围关节多发性关节炎为特征的慢性、全身性炎症性疾病,其最常见的影响关节为手足关节。此外,颈椎也常受累于RA,其发生率约80%,仅次于手和足。尽管如此,不典型的RA并发颈椎病,且有典型颈椎病症状者在临床上很少见,所以常常被忽视,因而容易误诊或者漏诊。现将在我院收治的以颈椎病为首诊的类风湿关节炎1例报告如下,以期提高对该病的认识和警惕性。

1.病史

患者,女,56岁,以“反复颈肩部及双上肢疼痛3年,再发2个月,加重2周”于2018年12月10日入院。患者3年前无明显诱因出现颈肩部及双上肢疼痛,在当地医院间断性口服镇痛药物“去痛片等”治疗,疼痛稍缓解。患者于2个月前因劳累后感颈肩背部及双上肢疼痛,呈酸胀痛,偶有眩晕感与脚踩棉花感,无恶心、呕吐,平卧休息后稍缓解。曾到外院住院治疗,诊断为“颈椎病”,予以针灸、小针刀、刮痧等治疗,经治疗后疼痛无缓解。

2周前症状进一步加重,遂就诊于我院。门诊以“颈椎病”收入院。患者患病以来精神、饮食及睡眠尚可,无恶心、呕吐,无耳鸣,体重无增减,大小便正常。既往史:半年前因贫血于我院住院治疗,诊断为缺铁性贫血,经药物治疗后稍好转。

2.查体

T 37.00C,P 76次/min,R 20次/min,BP119/78 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。神志清楚,发育正常、营养中等,心肺腹未见异常。专科查体:数字评价量表NRS评分为8。脊柱无畸形,颈椎活动受限,颈3—7棘突旁压痛,双侧颈椎间孔挤压试验阳性,双侧臂丛神经牵拉试验阳性,压顶试验阳性,引颈试验阳性,左上肢外展、上举受限,角膜反射、腹壁反射以及肛门反射存在,肱二头肌反射、肱三头肌反射、桡骨膜反射、膝反射、踝反射存在,Babinski征阴性、Oppenheim征阴性、Chaddock征阴性、Gordon征阴性、Hoffmann征阴性。初步诊断:(1)颈椎病(混合型);(2)颈肩部肌筋膜疼痛综合征;(3)缺铁性贫血。

3.诊疗过程

入院后进一步行生化检查,红细胞总数3.34x1012/L、血红蛋白84.0 g/L、红细胞比积0.27、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度309 g/L、血小板总数374×1012/L。贫血三项检查示:维生素B12>1 500.00 pg/ml,铁蛋白15.3 ug/L。

影像学检查:

(1)胸部平片:右肺钙化灶,上胸段脊柱侧弯。

(2)颈椎平片:骨质疏松,颈椎3—7关节面前后缘见唇样、鸟嘴样骨赘,颈3椎体似见小片状低密度影,右侧第3—4、4—5椎间孔狭窄,项韧带钙化。诊断:颈椎退行性变,右侧第3—4、4—5椎间孔狭窄(见图1)。

 1587689943620168.png

(3)颈椎MRI显示:颈段脊柱生理弯曲存在,椎间关节对位正常,齿突位置上移,高出钱氏线3 mm,延髓轻度受压,轻度颅底凹陷,颈6—7椎间盘轻度膨出。诊断:轻度颅底凹陷,颈6—7椎间盘膨出(见图2)。

 1587689959169681.png

(4)MRI胸腰段椎体平扫显示:腰l椎体脂质沉着,椎管未见狭窄。

(5)双能x线全身骨密度检测:T值-2.0,骨量减少。

入院后针对患者颈肩背部疼痛予以依托考昔片(etoricoxib)口服,120 mg/次,1次/d;臭氧自体血回输,具体操作如下:抽取患者前臂肘静脉血液250 ml,与臭氧(浓度30 ug/ml)按1:1的比例混匀以后再经肘静脉重新输入患者体内,1次/d;营养神经采用甲钴胺片(mecobalamine)口服,0.5 mg/次,3次/d,三维葡磷钙咀嚼片(trivitamin and calcium gluconate,calcium hydrogen phosphate chewable tablet)嚼服,2片/次,1次/d。同时行颈4—6椎旁神经阻滞3次,隔日1次,具体操作如下:患者取坐位,测生命体征后以乳突体表定位骨性标志。从乳突垂直向下每1.5厘米为一个椎体的前或后结节,标记出颈4—6椎体结节。皮肤常规消毒铺巾后用0.5%的利多卡因(lidocaine)局部麻醉,然后用7号细穿刺针于局麻穿刺针孔处进针。当针触及椎体结节骨质回抽无气、无血、无液,且患者无特殊不适时向各穿刺点注射镇痛复合液。复合液为0.33%利多卡因5 ml与注射用倍他米松磷酸钠(betamethasone sodium phosphate for injection)5.26 mg/ml,以0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释至15 ml。

同时行冲击波治疗,每周1次,具体操作如下:患者取坐位,充分暴露颈肩部并标记疼痛区域,给予冲击波治疗,震动次数3 000次,频率8 Hz,压强200 kPa。小针刀治疗,具体操作如下:患者取坐位,消毒铺巾,取左颈肩部痛点6个点,局部麻醉后垂直进针触及骨质,纵竖横疏剥各3刀,术毕拔刀,术中顺利。颈部深部热疗,具体操作如下:患者取低头坐位,暴露颈部,将红外线照射颈区,持续20 min。各种操作不同时进行,其治疗的程序是,颈部深部热疗1次/d一颈4—6椎旁神经阻滞1次/2d一冲击波1次,周、臭氧自体血回输1次/d,冲击波1次/周一小针刀术。

通过上述治疗后颈肩背部疼痛基本缓解。在住院治疗1周后,患者诉其四肢部分关节疼痛活动受限,追问病史诉其4年前出现过晨僵、握持无力的症状。进一步查体发现其四肢小关节轻度畸形,踝关节背曲明显受限。遂做进一步检查,生化检查发现:红细胞沉降率(血沉)58 mm/h、C一反应蛋白(CRP)17.00 mg/L、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(Anti—CCP)>500.00 U/ml、类风湿因子(-)、抗核抗体谱(-)。

影像学检查:

(1)双踝关节MRI:双足组成骨边缘骨质增生硬化,关节面下多发斑片状稍长T1、T2信号,部分关节面模糊,双侧踝关节间隙多发长T1、长T2信号;双足、踝关节滑膜增厚;双踝内侧三角韧带、胫腓、距腓前、后韧带及腓骨长短肌腱周围见少量水样信号;双侧足、踝关节周围软组织见片状长T2信号。诊断:双足小关节退行性变伴骨髓水肿;双足、踝关节滑膜增厚;多发关节囊及腱鞘积液;双侧足、踝关节周围软组织水肿(见图3)。

 1587690253270559.png

(2)双手平片:双手组成骨骨质密度减低,右腕月骨见类圆形低密度影,双手关节面骨质增生、硬化,对位未见异常,关节间隙未见狭窄,周围组织未见明显肿胀。诊断:双手骨关节退行性变(见图4)。

 1587690278120174.png

(3)肌电图:双下肢体感诱发电位均未见明显异常。

根据症状、体征及影像学检查,诊断为类风湿关节炎。先后请院内血液内科、肾病风湿科会诊后予以右旋糖酐铁分散片(iron dextran tablet)50 mg口服,3次/d;益气维血胶囊1.8 g口服,3次/d;甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate tablet)5 mg口服,1次/周;叶酸片(folic acid tablet)5 mg口服,1次/周;羟氯喹(hydroxychloroquine)200 mg口服,2次/d。经上述抗炎、止痛治疗15 d、抗风湿治疗6 d后颈肩背部疼痛症状明显缓解,踝关节疼痛、肿胀减轻,NRS评分为3。

另外,做红外热成像评估报告显示:治疗后右脚踝见点团状代谢温图增高,颈椎见代谢温图增高,向左肩部放射;右侧肩背部见代谢温图增高。热成像评估提示:颈椎病,颈椎间盘突出,双踝关节炎,见图5。其中图①、图②显示患者颈肩部的代谢皮温增高;图③显示患者背侧背部的代谢皮温明显增高,右侧高于左侧;图⑤显示双侧踝关节代谢皮温增高,右侧明显高于左侧。尽管红外线成像检查报告提示治疗后在颈肩背部以及踝关节的代谢皮温仍增高,但是在抗RA治疗后,患者的颈肩背部以及踝关节处的疼痛较抗RA治疗前有较明显的缓解。

 1587690305217084.png

原始出处:

李雪,袁杰,张桂友, 等.以颈椎病为首诊的类风湿关节炎一例报道与文献复习[J].实用疼痛学杂志,2019,15(2):143-147. 

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    2021-03-19 145d2a8am38暂无昵称

    值得学习研究

    0

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    2020-11-27 zhoujin4150

    重视不典型的类风湿病例

    0

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    2020-05-01 lmm397
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