Cell:CAR-T被改造后有望攻克艾滋病

2019-12-02 BioWorld BioWorld

CAR-T,全称是Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy,指的是嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法。简单一点说,CAR-T就是把病人的免疫T细胞在体外通过生物技术改造,令其识别肿瘤细胞表面的抗原,然后把这些细胞输回病人体内,达到识别、杀死癌细胞的治疗效果。2017年,美国食品药品监督管理局FDA先后批准了两款CAR-T细胞疗法上市,用于治疗白血病和

CAR-T,全称是Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy,指的是嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法。简单一点说,CAR-T就是把病人的免疫T细胞在体外通过生物技术改造,令其识别肿瘤细胞表面的抗原,然后把这些细胞输回病人体内,达到识别、杀死癌细胞的治疗效果。

2017年,美国食品药品监督管理FDA先后批准了两款CAR-T细胞疗法上市,用于治疗白血病淋巴瘤,标志着细胞治疗时代的到来。

CAR-T疗法的成功应用,让许多在等待骨髓配型中绝望的人重新燃起了希望。

既然能通过改造T细胞,去识别和杀死癌细胞,那么,能不能通过CAR-T技术改造,让改造后的T细胞去杀灭其他细胞呢?比如被艾滋病病毒感染的细胞?

2019年10月25日,国际顶尖学术期刊Cell发表了美国格莱斯顿艾滋病治疗研究中心的一项最新研究成果。

该研究开发了一种新型CAR-T,名为:convertible CAR-T,这种新版本的CAR-T,在抗击艾滋病病毒方面显示出巨大希望,能够大大减少在抗逆转录病毒疗法下持续存在于患者体内的艾滋病病毒储库。



抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART),可以有效抑制HIV病毒感染,将HIV病毒控制在一个较低水平,但是,抗逆转录病毒只能压制艾滋病病毒,并不能彻底清除,一些病毒藏匿在细胞内部,形成了所谓的潜伏艾滋病毒库。

一旦患者中断治疗,这些潜伏状态的艾滋病病毒就会立刻开始致命袭击,因此,患者不得不终生服药,以抵抗艾滋病病毒。

潜伏的病毒储存库是治愈艾滋病的主要障碍,而且,病毒储存库越大,想控制起来就越难,治疗失败后反弹的速度也就越快。

因此,缩小艾滋病病毒储存库,是实现艾滋病的持续缓解或功能性治愈的有效途径。

传统CAR-T在艾滋病面前就是个弟弟

事实已经证明,传统的CAR-T细胞疗法在治疗血液类癌症(例如淋巴瘤儿童白血病)

方面非常成功。但是作为抗艾滋病的疗法,传统CAR-T并不完美。

传统的CAR-T技术通过改造杀伤性T细胞,以在其表面表达抗体。该抗体可使杀伤性T细胞驻留在其靶细胞(例如白血病细胞)上,并攻击和杀死它。但是,对于每种新的病原体或癌细胞,必须改造出新的CAR-T细胞,并在其表面上表达新的靶向抗体。 这种操作耗时且非常昂贵。

传统CAR-T被设计为靶向癌细胞上的单个分子,一旦注入患者体内就无法在对它控制。

而HIV病毒可以说是变化多端,总是可以逃脱单一药物的治疗,据世界卫生组织WHO统计,目前HIV病毒的耐药株比例已上升到惊人的程度,一个患者的体内,往往存在着大量不同形式的HIV病毒,因此,携带单一抗体的传统CAR-T对HIV病毒来说就是个弟弟。

模块化组合,克服缺陷

为了克服传统CAR-T的缺点,研究团队尝试将靶向抗体与杀伤性T细胞分离,对convertible CAR

细胞进行了工程改造,以使T细胞在其表面表达一种经过最小修饰的人类受体蛋白NKG2D。

修饰的NKG2D受体可以将T细胞变成有效的杀手,但前提是与它的伴侣结合。它的伴侣是一种叫做MIC-A的蛋白质,研究团队对其进行了修饰,使其可以与convertible CAR上修饰的NKG2D受体特异性结合。

然后,将其融合到靶向抗体的碱基上,创建了所谓的MicAbody?。结果,靶向的MicAbody紧密地且排他地与convertible CAR细胞结合。

MicAbody是一种优雅的解决方案,它比重新构建和生产新的CAR-T细胞更容易。科学家们无需管理单个目标可转换的CAR细胞,而是将其与自己选择的MicAbodies结合使用,而无需为每个靶标使用不同的CAR细胞。

而且,由于convertible CAR是模块化的,因此,研究团队认为这比传统CAR-T更安全、用途更广,并且可以进行外部控制。

但是,这项技术是否可以在血液类癌症以外的疾病上起作用呢?

强强联合

为了解决潜在的HIV病毒库,研究团队一直在实验室中测试抗HIV抗体,也就是广泛中和抗体(bNAb),bNAb也被认为是研发艾滋病疫苗的关键。

它们之所以被称为广泛中和抗体,是因为它们不仅可以中和一种特定的HIV病毒株,还可以中和大量不同的HIV株。

但是,单靠bNAb不足以杀死感染HIV的细胞。它们需要杀伤性T细胞,因此,研究人员通过将bNAbconvertible CAR细胞结合,以获得所需的杀伤力。

实验结果是惊人的:convertible CAR细胞与Mic-bNAbs结合后,特异性杀死了感染HIV病毒的CD4 T细胞,但不杀死未感染的细胞。

此外,还能杀死感染了多种病毒株的CD4 T细胞。

当与针对癌细胞的Mic-bNAb和MicAbody结合使用时,convertible CAR细胞可以有效杀死混合在同一培养物中的癌细胞和HIV感染的细胞。

也就是说,ConvertibleCAR 实现了多功能性和特异性。

最后,研究人员测试了ConvertibleCAR/Mic-bNAb是否可以在抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)治疗下,攻击艾滋病患者血液中的潜伏HIV病毒库。

研究人员通过激活剂激活潜伏的IIV病毒库,48小时后,ConvertibleCAR/Mic-bNAb已清除了一半以上活化的,表达HIV的细胞。

展望未来

但是在这项新技术进入临床之前,仍然存在许多障碍。

一方面,由于免疫系统不能识别潜伏的HIV病毒库,因此必须首先激活潜伏的病毒库。但目前可以激活潜伏HIV病毒库的药物,要么效果好但毒性大,要么安全性好但效果差。因此,还需要进一步开发效果好且安全的激活药物。

此外,实验室生产的ConvertibleCAR细胞可能会触发有害的排斥反应,因此,需要探索通用的供体细胞,通过基因修饰,消除这种可能存在的排斥反应。

总的来说,ConvertibleCAR技术可以帮助推动艾滋病的治疗,也有望解决与细胞或病原体变异相关的疾病,如癌症,更为关键的是,这种新版本的CAR-T,能够大大降低目前细胞治疗的高昂成本,只有大多数人用的起了,CAR-T细胞治疗的时代才算是真正到来。

如果要给这种新型CAR-T做一个类比,就相当于福特的T型汽车,在福特发明T型汽车之前,汽车并没有真正流行起来,因为生产太过耗时耗力,每一辆汽车都相当于是定制版,生产效率极低,价格居高不下。

直到福特发明了流水线生产汽车,效率大大提高,价格也变得亲民,汽车才得以迅速流行。

美国食品药品监督管理局FDA先后批准了两款CAR-T细胞疗法上市,但CAR-T极其复杂的技术流程和定制性,注定了它的天价。

目前已上市的两款CAR-T疗法,分别是诺华公司的Kymriah,和吉利德公司的Yescarta,售价分别为51万美元和40万美元。折合人民币在300万左右。

或许世上最悲哀的事情不是得了绝症却没有药,而是,明明看到了药,却买不起。

convertible CAR-T,是否会成为那个T型汽车呢?

论文链接:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.002

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    2020-01-25 维他命
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    2020-01-13 仁者大医
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961794, encodeId=20751961e943e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 17:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871505, encodeId=e5ae18e15052b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Aug 22 10:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1781325, encodeId=1cbd1e813252f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Jan 13 23:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376231, encodeId=2f3a3e6231ec, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:59 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376230, encodeId=6f6e3e62301c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:57 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376229, encodeId=dc403e6229ab, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:54 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376228, encodeId=7e913e622885, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:51 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-12-02 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961794, encodeId=20751961e943e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 17:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871505, encodeId=e5ae18e15052b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Aug 22 10:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1781325, encodeId=1cbd1e813252f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Jan 13 23:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376231, encodeId=2f3a3e6231ec, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:59 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376230, encodeId=6f6e3e62301c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:57 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376229, encodeId=dc403e6229ab, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:54 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376228, encodeId=7e913e622885, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:51 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-12-02 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961794, encodeId=20751961e943e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 17:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871505, encodeId=e5ae18e15052b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Aug 22 10:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1781325, encodeId=1cbd1e813252f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Jan 13 23:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376231, encodeId=2f3a3e6231ec, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:59 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376230, encodeId=6f6e3e62301c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:57 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376229, encodeId=dc403e6229ab, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:54 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376228, encodeId=7e913e622885, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:51 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-12-02 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961794, encodeId=20751961e943e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 17:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871505, encodeId=e5ae18e15052b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Aug 22 10:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1781325, encodeId=1cbd1e813252f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Jan 13 23:51:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376231, encodeId=2f3a3e6231ec, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:59 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376230, encodeId=6f6e3e62301c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:57 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376229, encodeId=dc403e6229ab, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:54 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376228, encodeId=7e913e622885, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b005228115, createdName=14794e5bm67(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 02 16:36:51 CST 2019, time=2019-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-12-02 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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