以顽固性低血钾为表现的糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并Gitelman综合征一例

2020-05-12 邓子玄 张磊 陆静毅 中华糖尿病杂志

导读:报道1例以酮症酸中毒起病,治疗过程中出现顽固性低血钾的糖尿病患者,同时伴有高尿钾、低尿钙、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性升高和代谢性碱中毒等特点,并最终经基因检测发现1个新的突变c.635G&

导读:报道1例以酮症酸中毒起病,治疗过程中出现顽固性低血钾的糖尿病患者,同时伴有高尿钾、低尿钙、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性升高和代谢性碱中毒等特点,并最终经基因检测发现1个新的突变c.635G>T(p.G212V),从而确诊为Gitelman综合征。该病例提示在糖尿病酮症酸中毒治疗过程中如出现常规治疗无法纠正的低钾血症,同时合并低血镁、低尿钙、低血氯的患者需考虑合并Gitelman综合征的可能。

Gitelman综合征是一种常染色体隐性遗传的肾小管性疾病,因基因SLC12A3发生突变导致噻嗪类利尿剂敏感的钠氯共同转运体蛋白功能缺失所致。临床表现为低血钾、低血镁、低血氯和低尿钙。由于症状不典型,Gitelman综合征往往被误诊或漏诊。糖尿病酮症酸中毒为内分泌代谢科常见的糖尿病急性并发症,其病理生理过程以及诊治过程中涉及多种电解质失衡。笔者报道1例以糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并低钾血症起病的患者,最终明确诊断为糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并Gitelman综合征,并取得良好的治疗效果。通过分析本例患者的临床特点,剖析诊治经过中存在的问题,希望对类似患者的诊治有所帮助。

病例分享

患者女,35岁,主因口干、多饮1个月于2018年4月16日入院。入院前1个月患者出现口干、多饮症状,自觉每日饮水量较前明显增多,无多食或体重下降。入院前2天有大量进食史,1天前中午时分出现胸闷、四肢麻木,遂于外院就诊,经完善相关检查后诊断为"糖尿病酮症酸中毒"并予补液治疗,而后至我院就诊。患者否认既往有高血压、高脂血症等慢性病史,半年前体检查空腹血糖正常。外祖父有糖尿病史。

入院后查体:体质指数25.4kg/m^2,体温36.5℃,血压125/80mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa),神志清,呼吸19次/分钟,心率70次/分钟,律齐。皮肤弹性尚可,双肺呼吸音粗,未及干湿性啰音。腹软,无压痛及反跳痛,双下肢无水肿。辅助检查:血气分析pH 7.28(参考值7.35~7.45,下同),细胞外液剩余碱-8.4(正常参考值-3.0~3.0)mmol/L,随机血糖25.7mmol/L,血酮2.8mmol/L,尿酮体++,血钾3.2(正常参考值3.5~5.5)mmol/L,血钠136(正常参考值135~145)mmol/L。入院后给予补液、小剂量胰岛素治疗,同时静脉补液进行氯化钾补钾。

入院第2天复查血气pH 7.53,细胞外液剩余碱2.1mmol/L,尿酮转阴,血钾3.0mmol/L,改为皮下应用胰岛素泵控制血糖,同时继续补钾治疗并完善其他辅助检查。检查回报见糖化血红蛋白11.3%(正常参考值4.30%~6.50%),糖化白蛋白30.0%(正常参考值11.0%~17.0%),空腹C肽2.33(正常参考值0.82~2.50)ng/ml,餐后120分钟C肽4.39ng/ml,谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体7.3(正常参考值0.0~7.5)U/ml,酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体0.0(正常参考值0.0~7.5)U/ml。结合患者病史特点及实验室检查,诊断为"2型糖尿病合并酮症酸中毒"。

后续治疗中发现,患者在每日静脉补氯化钾3g以上,且饮食正常,无呕吐、腹泻等消化道症状的情况下血钾水平仍持续偏低,入院第3天至第5天随访血钾水平分别为2.7、2.8、3.0mmol/L。考虑到入院后患者顽固性低钾血症难以纠正,进一步完善血电解质及24小时同步尿电解质、甲状腺功能、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及血压监测等以排除其他引起低钾的内分泌疾病。患者血、尿同步电解质检查结果提示存在低血镁、尿钾相对增多(表1);直立位直接肾素浓度198.0(正常参考值4.4~46.1)μU/ml,直立位醛固酮19.3(正常参考值2.5~35.2)ng/dl,血浆醛固酮与肾素比值=0.1。24h动态血压提示全天平均血压109/63mmHg,甲状腺功能、肾脏影像学检查未见异常。综合患者尿钾排出增多,血压正常但肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活等特点,考虑Gitelman综合征可能。进一步完善SLC12A3基因突变筛查,发现患者SLC12A3基因中存在2个杂合致病突变,分别为核苷酸突变:c.1077C>G(氨基酸突变:p.N359K)和核苷酸突变:c.635G>T(氨基酸突变:p.G212V),确诊为Gitelman综合征(图1)。

表1 患者血尿电解质结果及治疗用药情况

1589188627926333.png

 

1589188644650894.png

图1 患者SLC12A3基因测序图及其参照序列,↑所指为突变位点,患者SLC12A3基因中存在2个杂合致病突变,分别为核苷酸突变:c.1077C>G(氨基酸突变:p.N359K)和核苷酸突变:c.635G>T(氨基酸突变:p.G212V),确诊为Gitelman综合征

而后,患者予门冬胰岛素30早25U、晚25U餐前5min皮下注射控制血糖,口服门冬氨酸钾镁片补钾、补镁治疗,每片门冬氨酸钾镁片含门冬氨酸钾(C4H6NO4K)158mg和门冬氨酸镁[(C4H6NO4)2Mg]140mg,剂量为1片/次,3次/天。住院第8天以"2型糖尿病合并酮症酸中毒,Gitelman综合征"出院,出院后使用预混胰岛素治疗,其后胰岛素用量逐渐减少,出院第3个月门冬30胰岛素用量减至20U/d,门诊随访糖化血红蛋白4.9%,遂停用胰岛素改为口服二甲双胍(500mg)3次/天口服及磷酸西格列汀(100mg)1次/天口服,继续药物及饮食补钾、补镁治疗。出院半年复查血钾为3.6mmol/L,血镁0.46mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白5.4%(表1)。

病例讨论

本例患者以酮症酸中毒起病,经补液、小剂量胰岛素及常规补钾治疗后出现难以纠正的低血钾情况;在排除甲状腺功能亢进症、醛固酮增多症等其他导致低钾的常见内分泌疾病后,结合患者同时存在低血镁,尿钾排出增多、低尿钙、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性升高和代谢性碱中毒等特点,考虑Gitelman综合征,并最终经基因检测确诊。

 

Gitelman综合征患者多合并糖耐量异常情况。邵乐平等对67例经SLC12A3基因确诊的Gitelman综合征患者进行了研究,发现该人群中有47.8%(32例)患者存在糖代谢异常,其中19.4%为2型糖尿病患者(13例),与同年龄中国成年人相比,Gitelman综合征患者具有更高的糖尿病患病风险(分别为11.6%和19.4%),且糖尿病的发病年龄也更早(分别为34.5、23.5岁),与Tseng等的结论一致,其原因可能与Gitelman综合征导致的低血钾与低血镁有关。低血钾的严重程度与2型糖尿病的发生呈剂量相关性,而低钾引起的胰岛素抵抗也可在血钾水平恢复后得到缓解。此外,Suarez等发现低镁饮食的小鼠其胰岛素敏感性较对照组下降50%;Kandeel等报道,低镁环境中的脂肪细胞其胰岛素介导的葡萄糖氧化反应水平低于正常镁浓度中的细胞。

糖尿病酮症酸中毒以高血糖、高血酮、血钾升高和代谢性酸中毒为特点。同时在糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗过程中,胰岛素的使用、酸中毒的纠正、补液扩容等因素又可使血钾浓度下降。虽然Gitleman综合征与糖代谢异常有关,但合并糖尿病酮症酸中毒的Gitelman综合征病例报道较为少见,且以年轻的1型糖尿病病例为主,1例患者5岁时首先诊断为Gitelman综合征,9岁时诊断为1型糖尿病,而于14岁发生酮症酸中毒,既往病史较为明确;另1例患者为10岁男童,以糖尿病酮症为首发症状。与本例患者类似的是,该男童病程中合并持续低钾血症,并有低血压表现,最终诊断为1型糖尿病合并Gitelman综合征。而2型糖尿病性酮症酸中毒合并Gitelman综合征的病例则为首次报道。本例患者在治疗初期Gitelman综合征所产生的代谢性碱中毒表现被急性酮症酸中毒症状所掩盖,低血钾则因酮症酸中毒的存在而不能第一时间考虑其他可能病因,增加了诊治难度。在本例的初始治疗中给予了大剂量的静脉补钾以维持正常血钾浓度。

该患者的SLC12A3基因突变位点为c.635G>T(p.G212V)及c.1077C>G(p.N359K),均为错义突变。其中c.635G>T(p.G212V)为新发现的突变,在既往文献中未被报道,但同一外显子位置的致病突变p.G212S和p.G212D有过报道。上述突变位于钠-氯共转运子胞浆段,而p.G212在人类钠-氯共同转运蛋白超家族中高度保守,提示该区域对于蛋白的功能具有重要作用。另一处突变c.1077C>G(p.N359K)位于跨膜区域,在既往Gitelman综合征病例中曾有过报道。

糖尿病酮症酸中毒为临床上常见的糖尿病急性并发症,诊治过程中多合并钾、钠等电解质紊乱。若诊治过程中出现常规治疗无法纠正的低钾血症,应考虑到其他导致低血钾的病理因素,并积极完善相关检查以明确诊断,以免延误病情。尤其是同时合并低血镁、低尿钙、低血氯的患者需要考虑Gitelman综合征的可能。对于此类患者,除常规选择合适的降糖方案外,积极补充钾、镁,纠正电解质紊乱亦有利于血糖的控制。

原始出处:

邓子玄, 张磊, 陆静毅, 等. 以顽固性低血钾为表现的糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并Gitelman综合征一例 [J] . 中华糖尿病杂志,2020,12 (03): 186-188. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115791-20190407-00127

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encodeId=e655143183264, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Thu May 14 05:02:45 CST 2020, time=2020-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-11 chen20201211

    学习了。

    0

  4. 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  6. 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  7. 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  8. 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encodeId=e655143183264, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Thu May 14 05:02:45 CST 2020, time=2020-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-05-14 mashirong
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