全麻气管拔管期急性喉痉挛致负压性肺水肿1例

2019-03-14 王家宾 王晶晶 马兴建 人民军医

患者女,24岁。因妊娠40周待产伴有低蛋白血症,入院行子宫下段剖宫产术。术前检查:血清蛋白27.8g/L、总蛋白57.8g/L,其余无异常,美国麻醉医师学会分级(ASA)Ⅰ级。术前30min肌内注射阿托品0.5mg,苯巴比妥100mg。入手术室血压(BP)120/70mmHg、心率(HR)102/min、血氧饱和度(SPO2)0.99。

1.病例报告
 
患者女,24岁。因妊娠40周待产伴有低蛋白血症,入院行子宫下段剖宫产术。术前检查:血清蛋白27.8g/L、总蛋白57.8g/L,其余无异常,美国麻醉医师学会分级(ASA)Ⅰ级。术前30min肌内注射阿托品0.5mg,苯巴比妥100mg。入手术室血压(BP)120/70mmHg、心率(HR)102/min、血氧饱和度(SPO2)0.99。
 
采取L2、L3椎管内联合麻醉,蛛网膜下隙给予混合液(0.75%布比卡因2ml+10%葡萄糖1ml)1.8ml,麻醉平面T6,术中患者呕吐4次,均为黄色内容物,术中小儿娩出,胎盘取出。先后给予缩宫素20U 静脉推注,40U子宫体注射,米索前列醇片400μg,卡前列素氨丁三醇750μg分3次子宫体注射,及子宫捆绑止血术,止血效果不理想。
 
手术历时100min后,告知患者及家属病情变化,经同意签字后,改行子宫次全切除术及全麻。全麻诱导给予咪达唑仑3mg、丙泊酚80mg、罗库溴氨50 mg、芬太尼0.1 mg、潮气量450ml、频率12次/min,机控呼吸;术中给予地塞米松40mg、格雷司琼3mg、静脉泵注去甲肾上腺素,术中麻醉维持用七氟烷、瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚静吸复合全麻。麻醉手术全程顺利,患者生命体征平稳。血压维持在100~125/50~75 mmHg、SPO2 1.00、心率83~102/min、气道压正常、全麻历时1.5h。
 
术毕10min患者自主呼吸和咽反射恢复,潮气量>300ml、呼吸频率21次/min,患者意识恢复,能完成指令性动作;脱氧5min后SPO2 0.98,出现呛咳行吸痰可见分泌物增多,给予静脉注射硫酸阿托品注射液0.5mg;术毕20min后,出现呛咳,行吸痰并拔除气管导管;术毕23minSPO2进行性下降至0.83,行面罩加压给氧,SPO2上升至0.97,患者示意吸气困难,可闻及吸气哮鸣音,并在吸气时给予沙丁胺醇气雾剂;术毕26min气道阻力逐渐加大,SPO2进行性下降至0.56,患者面色苍白,一过性意识障碍、不能自主应答、呼吸急促、四肢肌张力高伴震颤,血压179/66mmHg,心率133/min,随即行气管插管加压辅助呼吸,吸纯氧时SPO2升至0.93,听诊双肺可闻及明显湿啰音,初步诊断为肺水肿形成。其可能原因是本例产妇可能有气道水肿的潜在因素,拔除气管导管时的操作易诱发喉痉挛,加大呼吸幅度造成胸内负压急剧下降,产生恶性循环形成肺水肿。
 
心脏未闻及病理性杂音,腹部隆起,叩诊鼓音,阴道无活动性出血,双下肢水肿(-),四肢末梢湿冷,甲床苍白。插入管行胃肠减压,立即静脉注射呋塞米20mg,氨茶碱0.25g,氢化可的松注射液100mg,毛花苷C0.2mg。术毕50min动脉血气分析结果显示,血液酸碱度7.269、二氧化碳分压(PCO2)25.1mmHg、氧分压(PO2)123mmHg、实际碳酸氢根(P)11.2mmol/L、剩余碱[cBase(B)]-15.7mmol/L,给予5%碳酸氢钠300ml静脉滴注;术毕70min行床旁心电图检查未见异常、腹部超声检查未见明显积液,胸、腹部正位X线片检查未见明显异常,行深静脉穿刺置管测中心静脉压力为6mmHg。
 
经上述治疗,患者神志清楚、对答切题、无呼吸困难,拔除气管导管,患者体征平稳;术毕1.5h,血压128/65mmHg,心率104/min,SPO2 1.00,双肺呼吸音清、未闻及干湿啰音,腹胀减轻,返回病房。
 
2.讨论
 
麻醉期间口腔分泌物、血痰、吸痰及喉镜检查等均可对喉上神经产生刺激引发喉头反射,而负压性肺水肿主要病理生理基础在于抵抗喉痉挛所致的上呼吸道梗阻产生吸气负压,进而导致胸腔内负压进行性增加及肺微血管压升高。当气道梗阻时,强烈的吸气动作可产生-50~-100 cmH2O的胸内负压。一方面,使右心回流血量增多,右心做功增加使肺血量增加,肺微血管压升高,跨毛细血管静水压梯度增加,毛细血管内液体向肺间质转移进入肺泡,使呼吸道出现血性分泌物,导致严重缺氧、心动过缓、负压性肺水肿等生理紊乱,甚至心搏骤停;另一方面,胸腔内负压增加左室后负荷,导致左室舒张末容积和压增加,从而降低左室射血量和射血分数,导致肺微血管压力增加。另外,低氧血症和高肾上腺能状态也可促进肺水肿形成。围术期喉痉挛发生率约1%,负压性肺水肿发生率约1‰,其中绝大多数是喉痉挛引发上呼吸道急性梗阻而导致。
 
负压性肺水肿可快速发生,迅速消失,其临床表现和X线表现均可在12~24h内改善,但短期病情凶险,延误治疗病死率为11%~44%。本例为产妇,生理特点为呼吸道黏膜充血水肿及手术操作牵拉,术毕吸痰等刺激,均易诱发喉痉挛,本例符合气管拔管指征下拔除气管导管,拔管后发生急性喉痉挛致负压性肺水肿。负压性肺水肿经常被作为上气道梗阻手术麻醉并发症报道,大多数患者既往健康,无肺部及心血管系统基础性疾病,早期发现及时治疗可显著降低病死率,围麻醉期急性肺水肿的发生与麻醉、原发疾病、手术等因素有关。单纯因麻醉因素引发急性肺水肿临床并不多见,常是患者可能有潜在的肺水肿因素,再加上麻醉因素而引发。
 
围麻醉期具有明显临床表现的肺水肿较少,发生率0.2%~7.6%,临床常漏诊。本例提示,对负压性肺水肿要有充分的认识,以预防为主,拔管期1~2min静脉注射2%利多卡因1~2mg/kg或拔管前静脉注射瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,拔管过程中尽量减少对患者的刺激,避免在患者咳嗽或处于反射性呼吸暂停时拔管,应在患者完全清醒后拔管,并在拔管时吸尽空气囊。负压性肺水肿发病快、病程短,具有自限性,预后均较好。一旦确诊负压性肺水肿,应在保持呼吸道通畅情况下供氧、控制或辅助呼吸,并酌情采用强心利尿药及吗啡、呋塞米、肾上腺皮质激素、氨茶碱等药物治疗,大多数患者都可取得良好治疗效果。
 
原始出处:

王家宾,王晶晶,马兴建.全麻气管拔管期急性喉痉挛致负压性肺水肿1例[J].人民军医,2018,61(02):165-166.

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ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476573, encodeId=c69014e657343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff229e7126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全麻#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29771, encryptionId=6ff229e7126, topicName=全麻)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481760, encodeId=85551481e606b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc90401201c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喉痉挛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40120, encryptionId=bc90401201c, topicName=喉痉挛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=34fe7824534, createdName=ms5353107019656438, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-25 12538570m60暂无昵称

    孕妇在ASA分级中不是应该分II级吗?

    0

  4. 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level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64238, encryptionId=4ce26423802, topicName=水肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKCRibWHQArPHdSkqP90U1HwwqlGeU7BUgzY240D3v2ibBDJ09ybkGkwOjxz7qRmngZaGlK1taX6hfA/132, createdBy=2e772500094, createdName=小华子, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468891, encodeId=ee81146889175, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1565621ecd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拔管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56217, encryptionId=f1565621ecd, topicName=拔管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=529b6946794, createdName=steven_u4, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476573, encodeId=c69014e657343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff229e7126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全麻#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29771, encryptionId=6ff229e7126, topicName=全麻)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481760, encodeId=85551481e606b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc90401201c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喉痉挛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40120, encryptionId=bc90401201c, topicName=喉痉挛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=34fe7824534, createdName=ms5353107019656438, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-18 小灯

    很好的学习机会

    0

  5. 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level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64238, encryptionId=4ce26423802, topicName=水肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKCRibWHQArPHdSkqP90U1HwwqlGeU7BUgzY240D3v2ibBDJ09ybkGkwOjxz7qRmngZaGlK1taX6hfA/132, createdBy=2e772500094, createdName=小华子, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468891, encodeId=ee81146889175, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1565621ecd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拔管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56217, encryptionId=f1565621ecd, topicName=拔管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=529b6946794, createdName=steven_u4, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476573, encodeId=c69014e657343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff229e7126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全麻#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29771, encryptionId=6ff229e7126, topicName=全麻)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481760, encodeId=85551481e606b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc90401201c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喉痉挛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40120, encryptionId=bc90401201c, topicName=喉痉挛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=34fe7824534, createdName=ms5353107019656438, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-16 apoenzyme
  6. 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ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476573, encodeId=c69014e657343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff229e7126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全麻#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29771, encryptionId=6ff229e7126, topicName=全麻)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481760, encodeId=85551481e606b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc90401201c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喉痉挛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40120, encryptionId=bc90401201c, topicName=喉痉挛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=34fe7824534, createdName=ms5353107019656438, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-16 小华子
  7. 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createdBy=34fe7824534, createdName=ms5353107019656438, createdTime=Sat Mar 16 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-16 steven_u4
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