一文读懂急性重症胰腺炎的诊断与治疗

2021-01-18 医谷网 医谷网

患者,女性,25岁,因“腹胀、腹痛伴呕吐3天”,于7月27日急诊入院。患者于7月25日无明显诱因出现上腹持续性锐痛,向腰背部放射,进食后疼痛加剧,腹胀明显,伴恶心呕叶,非喷射状

患者,女性,25岁,因“腹胀、腹痛伴呕吐3天”,于7月27日急诊入院。患者于7月25日无明显诱因出现上腹持续性锐痛,向腰背部放射,进食后疼痛加剧,腹胀明显,伴恶心呕叶,非喷射状,约I0多次,为胃内容物,总量约500ml,呕吐后腹胀略减轻,无畏寒发热,在当地卫生院补液治疗3天后(具体措施不详),症状无缓解,并阵发性加重,故转入我院进一步治疗。起病以来无身目黄染,无肛门停止排气排便,无腹泻、血便或黑便,尤头晕、心悸、气促、大汗淋漓等,小便正常,1000- 1500ml/d。

既往史、个人史、家族史和月经史无特殊。

体格检查:T37.5℃, P 105次/分,R22 次/分,BP 15/10kPa,神志清楚,被动卧位,痛苦面容,皮肤、巩膜无黄染,浅表淋巴结未及肿大,头颅五官无畸形,甲状腺无肿大,气管居中,HR 105次/分,心律整齐,心音有力,各瓣膜听诊区无杂音,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及啰音音。腹部见外科情况。脊柱四肢无异常,肛门、外生殖器无畸形,生理反射存在,病理性神经反射未引出。

外科情况:腹部膨隆,未见胃肠蠕动波和肠形,腹壁静脉无曲张,Cullen 征(-), Grey- Tumer征(+),全腹肌紧张,压痛、反跳痛明显,肝脾肋下未及,Murphy征 (-), 未触及包块,肝浊音界上界于右侧第5肋间,肝肾区叩击痛(-), 移动性浊音可叩出,肠鸣音消失。肛门指检:入肛顺利,木触及肿物,指套无血染。

实验室检查:

血常规:WBC 20.7x 109/L,中性粒细胞0.82,RBC 4.58 x 1012/L, HGB 108g/L, PLT 215x109/L。

血生化: Na+138mmol/L, K+3.6mmol/L,Cl- 102mno/L, BUN 8.9mmo/L,Cr102μmol/L,Ca2+ 1.8 mmol/L。血淀粉酶239U/L,尿淀粉酶1700U/L。

腹部平片:未见异常。

讨论

教师:哪位同学总结一下该病例的特点?

实习医生A:①本例为年轻女性患者,起病急;②主要临床症状为腹胀.持续性上腹部锐痛;③体格检查发现全腹肌紧张,压痛、反跳痛明显,提示急性弥漫性腹膜炎;④实验室检查发现血、尿淀粉酶明显升高,故应考虑为“急性胰腺炎”。

实习医生B:患者主要表现为腹胀、腹痛和呕吐,呕吐后腹胀缓解;体格检查发现全腹肌紧张,压痛、反跳痛明显,肠鸣音消失,要注意“绞窄性肠梗阻”的可能,而且在严重腹膜炎的情况下,淀粉酶也可以升高。

实习医生C:但是患者没有停止排气排便,而且腹部半片未见异常,故基本可排除“肠梗阻”的诊断。患者血、尿淀粉酶明显升高,应诊断为“急性胰腺炎"。

教师:分析得好!本例为年轻女性患者,起病急,主要表现为弥漫性腹膜炎,实验室检查发现血、尿淀粉酶明显升高,超过正常值的2倍,虽然其他外科急腹症淀粉酶也可升高,但是其升高只是轻度,一般不会超过正常值的2倍。所以,本例“急性胰腺炎”的诊断应该成立。

一般来说,血、尿淀粉酶对胰腺炎的诊断是比较有特异性的。在急性胰腺炎发生的1-2h。血清淀粉酶即开始升高,24h 后达到高峰,可持续72~ 96h,尿淀粉酶升高比较慢,起病后12~ 24h开始上升,且下降缓慢,在血清淀粉酶下降后几天仍可持续增高。要注意的一点是,淀粉酶的高低并不能说明病情的轻重。我们知道急性胰腺炎可分为轻型(即水肿性)和重症(即出血坏死性)两个类型,就本例而言,是属于哪一型?

实习医生D:患者起病以来无神志和精神状态的改变,而且血压和其他生命体征稳定,以急性轻型胰腺炎的可能性大。

实习医生E:老师,患者做没做B超检查?

教师:目前还没做,你提出做B超检查,目的是什么?

实习医生E:想了解一下胰腺有无坏死。

教师:你的想法是正确的,但是在还没有影像学资料前,我们从目前的临床材料中,能否找出证据来支持你的诊所或对诊断有怀疑的不支持点?

实习医生F:患者虽然没有出现休克、神志和精神状态的改变,但腹膜炎严重,移动性浊音可叩出,说明有腹水,而且Grey- Tumer征 (±), 可能是重症胰腺炎。

教师:对。我们知道重症胰腺炎患者除了可表现为腹痛、腹胀、呕吐等症状外,还可出现休克、黄疸、神志和精神状态,但必须明确休克、神志和精神状态的改变不是诊断重症胰腺炎的必要条件,在发病早期,可以不出现。从本病的临床材料中,有3点是值得我们高度怀疑重症胰腺炎的:

①腹胀明显,一般而言,轻型胰腺炎病人不出现腹胀,胰腺炎的腹胀主要是由于腹腔内大量渗出,导致麻痹性肠梗阻引起的;

②严重的腹膜炎,出现腹水,而轻型胰腺炎很少有大量渗出引起腹水;

③Grey - Tumer征可疑阳性。Grey -Tumer 征或Cullen征只出现在重症胰腺炎,但并不是每一例患者都会出现, 而事实上这两个征象在临床上是很少见的,但是一旦出现,对重症胰腺炎有很大的诊断价值。

回到本例患者,我补充一下入院后的病史,该病人在入院后5小时,开始出现精神萎靡,淡漠懒言,血压下降,发热T38.5℃,腹胀加剧,腹腔穿刺抽出血性腹水,查淀粉酶为950U/L,经积极补液,血压稳定后,即做B超和CT检查。B超检查示肝胆末见异常,因肠胀气明显而干扰对胰腺的检查,未能发现病变;CT检查发现胰腺周围组织液化坏死明显。

实习医生A:哦,现在“急性重症胰腺炎”诊断明确了。

教师:急性胰腺炎是外科常见的急腹症之一,其诊断应是不难的,但是对其病情的准确判断,是轻型的还是重症的,在相应的实验室检查和影像学检查还没进行前,详细询问病史、仔细的体格检查和密切动态观察病情是相当重要的。本例就是一个很好的例子。对临床上高度怀疑或已确诊的重症胰腺炎,在病情稳定时,均应做有关的影像学检查,前者是为了进一步明确诊断,后者是为了解胰腺坏死的程度。常用的影像学检查有B超和CT。超声由于受到肠道的影响,准确性较CT低。CT对重症胰腺炎诊断的正确性可超过90%,CT被认为是目前诊断胰腺病变的首选方法。

重症胰腺炎诊断明确后,就要进行治疗,大家谈谈有什么治疗措施?

实习医生A:应行急症手术探查,清除坏死胰腺组织,并做充分引流。

实习医生B:本例患者血压不稳定,应充分补充血容量,待血压稳定后,再手术探查。

实习医生C:可先行保守治疗,措施包括:胃肠减压、抑制胃酸分泌、抑制胰液分泌、抗感染治疗、充分补液和营养支持治疗等,同时密切观察生命体征和病情的变化,待病情稳定后,可手术探查,清除坏死组织。

实习医生D:我认为,是手术治疗还是保守治疗,还要考虑一下胰腺炎的病因。若是由于胆道梗阻如胆总管结石引起的重症胰腺炎,应急症手术治疗。若是由于酗酒或暴饮暴食或不明原因引起的,即可保守治疗。本例患者由于病因未明,可保守治疗。

实习医生F:老师,本例患者入院后是采用保守治疗述是手术探查?

教师:大家对急性重症胰腺炎的治疗意见有不同的看法,有正确的一面,亦有不足的一面,我以本例病人为例,向大家讲讲目前急性重症胰腺炎的治疗。

急性胰腺炎的治疗,轻型的和重症的措施有所不同。在目前强有力的抑制胰液分泌的药物如:施他宁的应用下,轻型胰腺炎一般经过1周的保守治疗,即可治愈。

急性重症胰腺炎的治疗,过去主张早期手术治疗,方式为切除坏死的组织,胰周放置多条引流管引流,同时亦做胆道引流、胃肠造瘘等。但是人们发现,早期手术并不能降低重症胰腺炎的死亡率,有时甚至会加快病人死亡。通过大量的基础研究和临床观察,对早期手术的观点有所转变,现在基本上由“个体化方案”所取代。所谓“个体化方案”即对不同的患者取用不同的治疗方案,有手术指征者,做手术治疗;无手术指征者,保守支持治疗。

目前认为急性重症胰腺炎手术探查指征如下:

①明确由胆道病变如结石梗阻引起的重症胰腺炎;

②胰腺组织坏死合并感染,这是手术的绝对指征。

无手术探查指征者,应在SICU强化支持治疗,内容包括生命体征监护、持续胃肠减压、制酸、抑制胰液分泌、积极抗感染和TPN支持治疗。急性重症胰腺炎的病理生理基础是胰液对胰腺和周围器官、组织的自身消化,产生大量渗液和毒素,容易导致低容量性循环障碍和多器官功能障碍,而且出现多器官功能衰竭,死亡率极高。故在治疗过程中密切观察病情的变化,注意检测肝、肾、肺和循环功能,防止多器官功能衰蝎的发生。

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    2021-12-04 ms8000000036976222

    重症胰腺炎死亡率比较高,胰腺周围感染时更甚

    0

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    2021-09-19 12577ffdm54暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1076915, encodeId=b32610e6915ed, content=重症胰腺炎死亡率比较高,胰腺周围感染时更甚, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a78b6164570, createdName=ms8000000036976222, createdTime=Sat Dec 04 19:14:45 CST 2021, time=2021-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1052967, encodeId=27d2105296e39, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c52b2567759, createdName=12577ffdm54暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Sep 19 09:28:30 CST 2021, time=2021-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1663878, encodeId=434916638e83f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d3c35245658' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急性重症胰腺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52456, encryptionId=d3c35245658, topicName=急性重症胰腺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=112025706867, createdName=12498b37m80暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Feb 15 03:47:55 CST 2021, time=2021-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1719119, encodeId=6ca31e19119f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e32e915e89c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断与治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91578, encryptionId=e32e915e89c, topicName=诊断与治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=85a832689492, createdName=木头人524, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 02:47:55 CST 2021, time=2021-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=927052, encodeId=0ee792e0527c, content=好好学习天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09b15462818, createdName=ms5000000899056107, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 10:38:18 CST 2021, time=2021-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917979, encodeId=20fb91e9790c, content=哇,还有病例讨论性质的文章,赞👍🏻, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201229/059fab228a5f41e6ad2badd4ba425b57/82f5ac7e14cb44af8ed065f3558348d5.jpg, createdBy=83342469254, createdName=12433b5em73暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 10:07:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917938, encodeId=b75191e938e8, content=每日自学天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 07:38:30 CST 2021, time=2021-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1076915, encodeId=b32610e6915ed, content=重症胰腺炎死亡率比较高,胰腺周围感染时更甚, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a78b6164570, createdName=ms8000000036976222, createdTime=Sat Dec 04 19:14:45 CST 2021, time=2021-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1052967, encodeId=27d2105296e39, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c52b2567759, createdName=12577ffdm54暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Sep 19 09:28:30 CST 2021, time=2021-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1663878, encodeId=434916638e83f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d3c35245658' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急性重症胰腺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52456, encryptionId=d3c35245658, topicName=急性重症胰腺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=112025706867, createdName=12498b37m80暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Feb 15 03:47:55 CST 2021, time=2021-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1719119, encodeId=6ca31e19119f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e32e915e89c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断与治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91578, encryptionId=e32e915e89c, topicName=诊断与治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=85a832689492, createdName=木头人524, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 02:47:55 CST 2021, time=2021-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=927052, encodeId=0ee792e0527c, content=好好学习天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09b15462818, createdName=ms5000000899056107, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 10:38:18 CST 2021, time=2021-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917979, encodeId=20fb91e9790c, content=哇,还有病例讨论性质的文章,赞👍🏻, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201229/059fab228a5f41e6ad2badd4ba425b57/82f5ac7e14cb44af8ed065f3558348d5.jpg, createdBy=83342469254, createdName=12433b5em73暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 10:07:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917938, encodeId=b75191e938e8, content=每日自学天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 07:38:30 CST 2021, time=2021-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-02-25 ms5000000899056107

    好好学习天天向上

    0

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    2021-01-19 12433b5em73暂无昵称

    哇,还有病例讨论性质的文章,赞👍🏻

    0

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    2021-01-19 学医无涯

    每日自学天天向上

    0