OCC 2020:顾东风院士:新冠病毒肆虐下的心血管疾病预防

2020-06-05 黄美清 健康界

目前,全国心血管疾病流行趋势严峻,冠心病、卒中近30年位列死因前两位,在我国每5例死亡中就有2例死于心血管疾病。全球心血管疾病早死、伤残损失3.7亿DALYs(伤残调整生命年);疾病负担增长了22%。

目前,全国心血管疾病流行趋势严峻,冠心病、卒中近30年位列死因前两位,在我国每5例死亡中就有2例死于心血管疾病。全球心血管疾病早死、伤残损失3.7亿DALYs(伤残调整生命年);疾病负担增长了22%。

OCC2020云上东方会期间,中国医学科学院阜外医院顾东风院士结合目前我国的心血管病现状,探讨新冠病毒肆虐下的心血管疾病预防策略,他指出,终生坚持健康的生活方式,是心血管代谢疾病一级预防的根本措施。

心血管疾病合并感染新冠肺炎,雪上加霜

疫情影响,人们的生活方式和就医习惯发生变化,身体活动也大大减少。顾院士指出,在新冠病毒肺炎确诊病例中,心血管疾病(CVD)占比达到20%以上,其死亡率高于糖尿病和呼吸道传染病等,位居榜首。138例COVID-19住院患者中,7.2%并发急性心脏损伤,16.7%并发心律失常,ICU患者的并发症更高。心血管疾病患者感染新冠肺炎后死亡率明显升高。

图1 我国新冠肺炎合并心血管疾病的死亡率

血压、胆固醇以及糖尿病的增长趋势导致中国在2010年至2030年间冠心病和中风的23%额外增长。预测到2030年,心血管疾病、卒中、缺血性心脏病所致死亡,将比2013年分别增长22.3%、19.7%、42%;冠心病所致DALYs将持续增长,相比2010年增长52.4%。

图2  2030年我国心血管病死亡及疾病负担预测

血管健康的7大重要指标,你达标了吗?

2010年美国心脏协会(AHA)总结了7项评估心血管健康(CVH)的重要指标,包括4项健康行为指标(吸烟、体重指数、体力活动、膳食)和3种生理生化指标(血压、总胆固醇、空腹血糖)。为进一步明确这7项CVH指标聚集情况对我国ASCVD发病风险的影响,顾东风院士团队应用“中国动脉粥样硬化10年风险预测(China-PAR)”研究的前瞻性随访数据,分析了这7项CVH指标对ASCVD发病的联合作用强度和人群归因风险百分比,为促进我国居民健康水平改善和心血管病防治提供了有价值的参考依据。

该研究整合了China-PAR项目的三个队列人群,总样本量近9.4万人、最长随访跨度17年,新发ASCVD疾病3457例。结合国际标准和中国人群膳食习惯,定义7项CVH指标的理想水平如下:

图3  理想心血管健康指标定义

研究结果显示:随着理想CVH指标数目的增加,发生ASCVD的相对风险逐渐降低。在多因素调整后,与仅有0-2个CVH指标的个体相比,具有3、4、5、6、7个理想CVH指标的个体发生ASCVD的风险分别降低17%、34%、45%、56%和76%。总体上,如果达到7种理想CVH指标,能够减少62.1%的ASCVD发病(包括减少38.7%的冠心病发病、减少66.4%的脑卒中发病)和60.5%的ASCVD死亡。

这7项CVH指标中,保持理想血压(收缩压/舒张压<120/80 mmHg)带来的心血管健康获益最大:可以避免33.0%~47.2%的ASCVD发病。另外,在健康行为指标中,我国人群健康膳食评分≥4分的比例仅为4.2%。顾东风院士进一步强调,在心血管疾病发生之前保持理想心血管健康状态的科学意义,同时突出了血压控制和合理膳食对我国ASCVD防治的重要性。

预防心血管疾病,从健康生活方式做起

顾东风院士认为,我国居民日常生活方式存在如超重、体力活动降低,饮食方面高糖、高脂、高油,吸烟情况普遍等问题,这些成为心血管疾病的幕后元凶。《中国健康生活方式预防心血管代谢疾病指南》的核心要点即是健康生活方式的管理,这是预防心血管疾病的重要基础。

(1)加强身体活动   身体活动水平与CVD发病风险呈剂量反应关系,推荐健康成年人每周进行至少150 min 中等强度或至少75 MIN高强度有氧身体活动,或相当量的两种强度活动的组合,达到该推荐水平CVD和死亡风险分别降低26%和35%,长时间维持推荐水平CVD发病风险降低43%,由活动不足改变为活动充足,风险也有降低的趋势。

2)避免久坐   久坐时间高于5 h/d后久坐行为增加CVD发病和死亡风险;中重度身体活动不达标,且久坐事件高于10 h/d者,发病风险最高;将久坐行为替换为低强度、中等强度、高强度身体活动,CVD发病风险分别降低5%、6%和8%。

(3)避免高盐摄入  我国盐摄入量呈缓慢下降的趋势,但仍处于较高水平,荟萃分析显示,钠摄入增加,心脑血管发病和死亡风险增加,降低食钠摄入量可以降低血压,并且高血压患者血压降低幅度更大。推荐烹饪时少放盐,每天摄入食盐小于5g,不超过啤酒瓶盖一瓶盖。

(4)鸡蛋摄入  鸡蛋摄入量与CVD风险呈U型关系,每周食用<1个和>10个鸡蛋者CVD风险分别增加22%和39%,鸡蛋摄入过少,出血性卒中风险值增加,摄入过多,冠心病和缺血性卒中风险增加。

图4  鸡蛋摄入与心血管疾病的关系

(5)适量饮茶    西方研究多关注红茶为主,不同研究结论不一致,日本Ohsaki队列、中国CKB等提示,东亚人群饮茶(尤其绿茶)能够降低CVD发病、死亡风险。与不饮茶相比,经常饮茶>3次/周者,ASCVD发病、死亡、总死亡风险分别降低20%、22%和15%,饮用绿茶获益更显著。

(6)增加奶类摄入  美国医生护士队列研究,每日摄入两杯牛奶(约480ml)的CVD死亡风险最低,东亚研究显示,奶类摄入增加可降低CVD风险,中国及东亚地区奶类摄入水平显著低于欧美国家,中国成人奶类摄入仅为26g/日。

基于我国的心血管病现状及生活方式习惯,顾院士总结了《中国健康生活方式预防心血管代谢疾病指南》的核心要点:

(1)终生坚持健康的生活方式,是心血管代谢疾病一级预防的根本措施;

(2)合理膳食,提倡保持“中国居民平衡膳食”模式;

(3)保持充分的身体活动,减少久坐,合理选择运动类型;

(4)戒烟限酒,避免吸入任何形式的烟草,限制酒精摄入量;

(5)65岁以上老年人、代谢风险升高人群或慢性病患者,根据自身状况改善饮食、控制体重、选择多样化的身体活动;

(6)个体化风险评估与生活方式管理,促进心血管病早期预防。

顾东风院士强调,新冠疫情防控常态化形势下,心血管防控也要常态化,我国心血管疾病负担持续上升,防控形势依然严峻,健康生活方式是预防心血管代谢疾病的重要基础,落实“健康中国2030”战略,推进健康生活,带来重大防治效益,倡导主动健康,人人拥有健康的心脏和人生!

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    2021-01-02 wwzzly
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    2020-06-07 zhaojie88
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    2020-06-07 hmwwww
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1819938, encodeId=156d1819938c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=644a100144e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#顾东风#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100144, encryptionId=644a100144e7, topicName=顾东风)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b96f328, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Sat Jan 02 05:46:27 CST 2021, time=2021-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2058498, encodeId=98f8205849873, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a0f5184811' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管疾病预防#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51848, encryptionId=5a0f5184811, topicName=心血管疾病预防)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5662228, createdName=mjldent, createdTime=Tue Jan 05 15:46:27 CST 2021, time=2021-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1353137, encodeId=c99d135313e56, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1d931321816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#OCC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13218, encryptionId=1d931321816, topicName=OCC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 05:46:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377522, encodeId=10c513e75229e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=55f013219ae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#OCC 2020#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13219, encryptionId=55f013219ae, topicName=OCC 2020)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c859411, createdName=hmwwww, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 05:46:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1498733, encodeId=514c1498e336b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bb6f89e145a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管疾病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89714, encryptionId=bb6f89e145a, topicName=血管疾病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ccb99370406, createdName=andy2090, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 05:46:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028133, encodeId=8a861028133fa, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Fri Jun 05 17:46:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1049230, encodeId=e0401049230f8, content=院士是学术至高点,也是大家必争之地呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=junJUN, createdTime=Fri Jun 05 17:46:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2020-06-05 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2020-06-05 junJUN

    院士是学术至高点,也是大家必争之地呀

    0

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