阿尔茨海默病突触紊乱的表观遗传调控

2022-07-29 brainnew神内神外 网络

AD突触异常的病理改变及表观遗传学机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为AD的研究提供新的视角。

 

突触是参与神经传递和神经可塑性的关键结构。它们的活动依赖于它们完整的结构和功能,这是学习、记忆和认知功能的基础。阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种以突触丢失、突触紊乱和可塑性损害为特征的神经病理学疾病。阿尔茨海默病的发病机制是遗传和环境因素相互作用的复杂表现。突触后膜、突触成分和树突棘上各种受体的改变可导致突触障碍。表观遗传调控的变化,包括DNA甲基化、RNA干扰和组蛋白修饰,与AD密切相关。这些可以通过调控神经元基因的结构和表达来影响神经元和突触的功能。一些药物通过表观遗传调节改善了AD模型的突触和神经功能障碍。

 

研究结果

最近,九江学院殷小平教授课题组在国际著名期刊《Frontiers in Neuroscience》发表题为“Epigenetic regulation of synaptic disorder in Alzheimer's disease”的文章,文章就AD突触异常的病理改变及表观遗传学机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为AD的研究提供新的视角。 

 

表观遗传学是指各种可逆调控基因组功能,独立于DNA序列发生, 主要通过DNA甲基化和染色质结构的变化来介导。通过影响染色质结构、基因转录和基因表达,可导致表观遗传过程和细胞功能的长期变化。最常被研究的表观遗传机制是DNA 甲基化和组蛋白修饰。

最近的证据表明DNA甲基化是依赖于甲基化势,它被称为SAM与S- adenylo同型半胱氨酸(SAH)的比值。 SAH是作为甲基转移酶处理SAM的结果,将甲基胞嘧啶添加到它们的靶分子。SAH进一步水解为同型半胱氨酸和腺苷。Hcy被重新甲基化与5-亚甲基四氢叶酸(5-mthf)这个反应的甲基供体,由 Cobalamin-dependent methionin-synthase。最终,甲硫磷通过甲硫氨酸腺苷转移酶转化为SAM。甲基化电位的主要调节因子是亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)和甘氨酸N-甲基转移酶(GNMT)。MTHFR基因编码一个密钥酶分子在一碳代谢途径中起作用。催化5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸转化为5-methyltetrahydrofolate。该途径受饮食影响蛋氨酸,B6, B12,叶酸的摄入量和基因多态性编码酶蛋白的基因,如MTHFR和GNMT。饮食和基因变异会影响。因此,单碳途径可能影响DNA甲基化。

 

 

组蛋白乙酰化与转录激活有关, 而去乙酰化与转录抑制相关。组蛋白可诱导K残基的组蛋白乙酰化

乙酰转移酶(HATs),而去乙酰化是由组蛋白去乙酰酶抑制剂(HDAC)。HATs可以与之交互

多种转录因子,调控基因转录。转录共激活因子,如环腺苷单磷酸sphate (cAMP)反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)结合 CBP蛋白(CBP)具有内源性的HAT活性,从而重塑染色质结构,通常激活基因转录。HATs的作用可以被HDACs逆转,因为HDACs删除了核氨基末端K残基上的乙酰基

组蛋白和其他蛋白质,因此通常抑制转录转录。HDACs分为4类,是基因位点特异性的序列,受招募调控抑制子、辅抑制子和甲基结合蛋白。

 

目前关于AD的病理生理学理论主要基于遗传学和神经病理学的发现。指向APP和tau蛋白作为中心分子事件的异常处理。编码APP和ps1和ps2的基因突变参与APP的处理,这些都能诱发早期发病罕见家族的家族性AD。然而,绝大多数的AD案例是晚发病。一直以来都表明载脂蛋白的一种特殊变体基因,即ApoE4基因型,对小鼠具有有限的基因剂量效应风险和发病年龄。经典的影响选择性大脑区域的神经病理特征 AD是由神经元和突触丧失、神经斑组成的由tau蛋白组成的Ab原纤维和神经原纤维缠结。细胞外的斑块是由b-和g分泌酶对APP的内蛋白酶水解产生的,导致Ab42的产量增加,进行性 Ab42的积累和聚集。淀粉样蛋白降解减少也被报道为病因之一 ,增加Ab42积累。神经纤维缠结是由 tau蛋白的过度磷酸化,由于突变或微管表达的年龄相关改变。相关蛋白tau (MAPT)基因,基因 tau蛋白编码。

 

综上所示,文章就AD突触异常的病理改变及表观遗传学机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为AD的研究提供新的视角。

 

参考文献

 

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.888014/abstract

 

编译作者:  Dr.HU (Brainnews创作团队) 

校审: Simon (Brainnews编辑部)

感谢支持!欢迎分享、投稿转载!

 

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