GW-ICC 2020:孙英贤:中国基层高血压群体防治模式探索

2020-10-23 《门诊》杂志 门诊新视野

高血压是心血管疾病的首要危险因素,作为高血压管理的“主战场”,基层医疗卫生机构管理水平的高低将直接影响我国未来心脑血管疾病发展趋势。

高血压是血管疾病的首要危险因素,作为高血压管理的“主战场”,基层医疗卫生机构管理水平的高低将直接影响我国未来心脑血管疾病发展趋势。为进一步提高我国基层医疗卫生机构的管理水平,探索及建立有效的高血压群体防治模式是必须面对的重要课题,在第31届长城心脏病学大会(GW-ICC 2020)召开之际,中国医科大学附属第一医院孙英贤教授回顾了基层高血压防治模式的探索历史、防治理念的发展及其带来的防治模式的转变。

高血压群体防治模式探索

上世纪50年代Build and Blood Pressure Study和弗明汉心脏研究揭示了血压与临床并发症及死亡密切相关。至上世纪60年代,JAMA杂志发表了两篇样本量不大的研究,结果表明降低舒张压能显着减少心脑血管事件;同期,多个高血压患病率社区调查研究发现,社区高血压检出率、治疗率、控制率处于低水平,因此从那时开始,提出是否可在社区层面对高血压进行干预。

至上世纪六七十年代就开始有了一些相关的社区干预研究。1969年,Wilber教授团队在美国农村社区开展了小规模筛查,并进行群体血压干预,取得了良好的结果。1970年,同样是Wilber教授团队在美国亚特兰大开展了“Atlanta Community High Blood Pressure Program”,共纳入6,012人,在社区进行高血压评估、强化患者教育及高血压随访,也使该社区的高血压治疗率、控制率得到了明显提升。

我国早在上世纪六七十年代,在吴英恺、刘力生等教授的带领下,在首钢地区进行高血压筛查,并进行干预,也取得了良好的结果。至上世纪八十年代,美国鉴于该国高血压知晓率、诊断率、治疗率偏低,在其发表的JNC 3指南中首次指出,社区应为高血压患者提供长期咨询、随访、监测服务,并应与医院的医疗管理互补协作,达到血压控制的目的。

2010年,我国已充分意识到社区在高血压管理中的重要性;2010版高血压防治指南将社区干预提升至了最高级别,并提出:加强高血压社区防治工作,是改善我国人群高血压控制率的根本。2017年美国ACC/AHA指南及其它陆续发表的指南也均强调了社区服务与医疗体系互补在高血压管理中的重要性,并推荐组建医疗团队管理血压、在地方寻找合作伙伴,支持患者达到降压目标。

高血压防治理念发展

1996年,Edward H.Wagner教授在原先医疗理论的基础上,提出了慢性病照护理论。该理论主要涉及思维的转变和医疗结构的转变:在思维转变方面,患者从起被动作用,转变为了起主动作用;医疗模式从急诊医疗思维模式,变为了慢性病医疗思维模式。在医疗结构转变方面,以前普遍仅为单学科医师治病,现在转变为了多学科医疗团队对患者进行干预;且以前主要是采用院内医疗管理模式,现在转变为了医疗+社区联合医疗的管理模式。

到了本世纪,世界卫生组织(WHO)接受了Edward H.Wagner教授提出的建议,并提出了ICCC模式,该模式主要涉及8个要点,分别为社区支持、强调预防、医疗思维转变、政策环境转变、联合医疗政策制定、医疗服务整合、高效服务、以患者为中心,每个要点除了具体化之外,还给予了政策等各方面的支持。

基层高血压群体防治及中国高血压防治模式

围绕上述高血压防治理念转变的研究,基本上是一些IMPLEMENTATION(实施)研究。至2008年时,相关研究陆续进行了发表。2008年发表于JAMA的e-BP研究为一项RCT研究,共纳入778名25-75岁原发性高血压患者,并将其随机分为常规治疗组(n=258人)、家庭血压监测+患者网络教育组(n=259人)及家庭血压监测+患者网络教育+药师管理组(n=261人),平均随访12个月。研究结果表明,三组的最终高血压控制率分别为31%、36%和56%。因此,该研究提示,对于高血压的管理,临床医师不应仅仅依靠网络,还应与具有一定知识技能的人员(如药师)组成一个团队对高血压患者进行干预。

2018年Lancet发表了一项关于美国黑人社区高血压防治模式探索的研究,该研究共纳入4,567名美国黑人社区理发店常客,随机分为干预组(2,626名)和对照组(n=1,914名);干预组由药师于理发店内对患者进行评估,后制定用药策略;对照组由理发师鼓励患者改善生活方式并访问医师;随访6个月,结果显示,干预组和对照组的收缩压分别下降27 mmHg和9.3 mmHg,血压控制率分别为89.4%和32.2%(以140/90 mmHg为血压目标)。随后发表于Circulation的1年随访研究结果同样显示出了明显的降压效果,进一步论证了社区血压管理的可行性和有效性。

二十世纪初,美国北加州地区的血压控制率较全美平均水平具有较大差距,为此美国启动了KPNC高血压控制项目,该项目涉及5项核心措施,包括高血压患者注册制度、周期高血压控制率报告、遵循以循证医学为基础的临床指南、医疗助手随访监测血压、单片复方制剂。在采取这些措施后的约4年时间,该地区的血压控制率追上全美平均水平,随后几年该地区的血压控制率明显超过全美的平均水平,且达到80%以上的血压控制率。这是社区血压管理成功的又一事例,但该研究不是在全人群中进行干预,而是仅在参与保险的人群中进行,但即便这样,该结果也非常良好。(图1)

图1. 美国KPNC高血压控制项目成绩斐然

COBRA-BPS研究是今年刚发表于Lancet的一项大型研究,该研究纳入2,645名南亚相对贫困地区的高血压患者,涉及地区包括孟加拉国、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡的农村地区,并对患者进行了多层面干预,包括血压监测&使用核对清单指导监测与随访、家庭健康教育、对内科医师进行血压管理和使用核对清单的训练及政府补助等措施,随访24个月。研究结果表明,干预组较对照组的血压控制率提高约10%,心血管原因死亡率显着下降(P=0.006),且用药费用控制合理。(图2)

图2. COBRA-BPS研究的多层面高血压干预措施

各国均在结合自身情况摸索适合大规模人群干预的方案,我国东部地区在这方面取得了一定的成绩,比如杭州社区通过采用上下联动、专业人员指导,高血压的控制率明显超过了全国平均水平,但我国农村地区仍普遍是高血压控制的薄弱地区。整体来看,我国东南沿海等经济较为发达地区的高血压控制率普遍高于其它地区。为进一步提高我国高血压控制率,我国在十三五期间进行了高血压干预研究,从多层次对患者血压进行了干预,取得了较为理想的效果,也进行了一些相关的血压综合管理技术总结(图3)。同时,国务院办公厅和国家卫计委也指出,应逐步建立基层首诊、双向转诊、急慢分治、上下联动的分级诊疗格局,并指出高血压和糖尿病等常见病首诊应在基层医疗机构。

图3. 十三五社区高血压综合管理技术总结

总 结

基层高血压群体防治应采用医院与社区结合的模式。同时,还应从多层面对高血压患者进行血压干预,这样才能最有效的提高我国高血压控制率。此外,我国目前仍需要与国家政策相结合,在国内外研究的基础上进一步探索。只有社区血压管理的水平提升了,同时高血压专科医师将患者的复杂问题解决了,才能最大程度的提高我国高血压控制率。

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    2020-11-17 飞翔的乌龟

    学习

    0

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    2020-10-27 Lexi

    基层高血压群体防治应采用医院与社区结合的模式。同时,还应从多层面对高血压患者进行血压干预,这样才能最有效的提高我国高血压控制率。

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    2020-10-25 zhs3884
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717052, encodeId=10e41e1705258, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f8a98002eb1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#群体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80027, encryptionId=f8a98002eb1, topicName=群体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c0832353243, createdName=xjy13, createdTime=Fri Apr 02 14:52:25 CST 2021, time=2021-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1990323, encodeId=439619903237e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21ad9e43442' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治模式#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97434, encryptionId=21ad9e43442, topicName=防治模式)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=927d310, createdName=hywen7326, createdTime=Sun May 02 20:52:25 CST 2021, time=2021-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=899780, encodeId=f95b899e804d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201110/2d55d24dc5fd419d994b7b920c79731b/d3c8bdca983c4af1b90220a8192e353a.jpg, createdBy=e14e5296465, createdName=飞翔的乌龟, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 09:13:34 CST 2020, time=2020-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=894753, encodeId=8fad894e538c, content=基层高血压群体防治应采用医院与社区结合的模式。同时,还应从多层面对高血压患者进行血压干预,这样才能最有效的提高我国高血压控制率。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae205385871, createdName=Lexi, createdTime=Tue Oct 27 10:47:42 CST 2020, time=2020-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462081, encodeId=0efc14620817b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=32fd933505' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9335, encryptionId=32fd933505, topicName=ICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36506466438, createdName=zhs3884, createdTime=Sun Oct 25 12:52:25 CST 2020, time=2020-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527219, encodeId=3d27152e2195c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=81ca834123' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GW-ICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8341, encryptionId=81ca834123, topicName=GW-ICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=00e511815854, createdName=chenwq12, createdTime=Sun Oct 25 12:52:25 CST 2020, time=2020-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-10-25 chenwq12

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