此次猴痘疫情感染者几乎都是男同性恋群体,这是为什么?

2022-06-25 生物世界 生物世界

根据目前已有的数据,此次的猴痘疫情是一场以男男性行为者群体为重点的疫情。

最近两个月里,猴痘病毒在非洲以外地区快速传播,已导致30多个国家的2000多人感染。此轮的猴痘病毒传播有两大问题亟待解答:

1、此前猴痘病毒从未在非洲以外大规模传播,为何现在突然全球爆发?

2、为何绝大多数感染者是男男性行为者(MSM)?

对性传播感染(STI)的长期研究和对当前猴痘疫情的早期研究表明,这两个问题的答案可能是相关的猴痘病毒可能已经进入 MSM 群体中高度活跃的性网络,在那里猴痘病毒以无法在普通人群中传播的方式快速传播

伦敦卫生与热带医学院(LSHTM)的研究人员最近在预印本平台 medRxiv 发布的一项流行病学建模研究支持了上述观点。他们的建模研究表明,如果不遏制传播,猴痘疫情将在男男性行为群体中继续迅速增长,极有可能出现超过10000例感染者。同时也表明,猴痘病毒在普通人群中持续传播的风险很低

图片

猴痘(monkeypox),是一种人畜共患病,1958年首次在用于研究的猴子中发现,主要在动物中传播。1970年首次在刚果(金)发现人类猴痘病例,此后猴痘一直在非洲的一些国家流行,包括尼日利亚、刚果(金)和中非共和国等。

 然而,自今年5月初以来,已经在30多个通常不会出现猴痘病毒的国家和地区发现了2000多例猴痘病例。

当前爆发的猴痘疫情,绝大多数感染者是男男性行为者(MSM),例如英国卫生安全局的研究人员在6月10日发布的一份简报显示,152名感染者中有151人表示自己是男男性行为者(MSM),剩余1人则拒绝回答。其他国家的感染者情况也类似。

伦敦帝国理工学院传染病建模师 Lilith Whittles 表示,这也可能是统计偏差的原因,因为与异性恋男性相比,男男性行为者通常跟医生的联系更紧密,这意味着他们更可能报告猴痘症状并接受检测。但多数研究人员认为这种偏差不足以解释这种惊人的差异。因为虽然一些猴痘感染者可能因为症状轻微而被漏诊,但很多感染者有非常明显和痛苦的症状,往往需要住院治疗。如果男男性行为者以外的人群有很多猴痘感染者,那么统计数据上不可能被忽视。 

以英国卫生安全局6月10日的简报为例,152名猴痘感染者中,有151人为男男性行为者,其中45人接受了关于性行为的调查,其中有20人(44%)在最近三个月里有超过10名性伴侣,有20人(44%)在感染猴痘病毒的潜伏期发生过集体性行为。男男性行为者群体中的这种频繁更换性伴侣以及同时拥有多名性伴侣的情况导致了病毒传播的加速。 

历史上其他传染性疾病也出现过类似的情况,例如2000年代在美国爆发的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染,该耐药菌最初也是在男男性行为群体中传播,后来才逐渐蔓延开来。

目前,许多国家已经在紧急开展猴痘疫苗接种运动,例如 Bavarian Nordic 公司开发的天花疫苗 Jynneos,于2018年获得美国 FDA 批准上市,用于在18岁以上的高危成年人群中预防天花(smallpox)和猴痘(monkeypox)感染。这是 FDA 批准的唯一一款非复制型天花疫苗,也是世界上唯一一个获批的猴痘疫苗。

英国卫生安全局6月21日发布的新指南显示,英国将开始为具有感染猴痘最高风险的男男性行为者提供疫苗,最高风险的标准包括近期有多名同性性伴侣、近期参加过集体性行为,以及最近一年内感染过细菌性性传播疾病等。

根据目前已有的数据,此次的猴痘疫情是一场以男男性行为者群体为重点的疫情。美国疾控中心艾滋病毒预防专家 Demetre Daskalakis 表示,任何人都可能感染猴痘,但目前看到的主要是男男性行为者群体的感染。

参考资料:

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.22276353v1

https://www.science.org/content/article/why-the-monkeypox-outbreak-is-mostly-affecting-men-who-have-sex-with-men

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    2023-04-20 xjy13
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    2022-06-26 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

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    2022-06-26 学医无涯

    学习一下

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今年5月以来,世界多个非流行国家报告了猴痘病例,且存在社区传播。为提前做好猴痘医疗应对工作准备,提高临床早期识别和规范诊疗能力,国家卫生健康委会同国家中医药管理局组织制定了《猴痘诊疗指南(2022年版

WHO准备修改猴痘的名字,以减少种族主义和污名化

世卫组织总干事谭德塞当天说,该组织正与全球专家和合作伙伴一道,为猴痘病毒、其分化枝及所致疾病改名,一旦有结果将尽快公布。

四国公布猴痘病例详情!患者多为男男性行为者,部分曾感染性病

根据美国疾病控制和预防中心的数据显示,截至当地时间6月6日下午5点,全球共有29个“非流行”国家,累计通报了1019例猴痘确诊病例。

猴痘与新冠有何不同?如何传播?专家:风险较低,但不能掉以轻心!

新冠病毒通过空气中的微小气溶胶进行高度传播,而猴痘则需要更密切的接触才能传播。