Cell:揭露神经系统的另一新功能:面对细菌感染,我重拳出击!

2019-12-06 佚名 学术经纬

来自哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的科学家们在《细胞》杂志上在线发表了一项颇令人感到意外的研究。在传统印象里,神经系统只是信息的接收者和传递者。但在这篇论文中,科学家们指出,它在抗击细菌感染上却一改印象里“唯唯诺诺”的作风,选择重拳出击。

来自哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的科学家们在《细胞》杂志上在线发表了一项颇令人感到意外的研究。在传统印象里,神经系统只是信息的接收者和传递者。但在这篇论文中,科学家们指出,它在抗击细菌感染上却一改印象里“唯唯诺诺”的作风,选择重拳出击。

具体来看,这项研究专注的是一种叫做派伊尔结(Peyer's patches)的结构。这是一种只存在于小肠壁上的结构,由淋巴组织和免疫组织共同组成。在功能上,它能“扫描”肠道的环境,决定把哪些东西吞到肠子里。我们能摄入那么多营养,而不是摄入各种废物,还多亏它们的帮忙。

那么,这种结构是如何知道该“吃”什么的呢?原来啊,它们上头有一些特殊的“M细胞”(microfold cells)。它们就像是大门,遇到营养物质时就敞开,遇到有害物质时则关闭。这套机制看起来很精巧,但却会被有害的细菌所利用。比如沙门氏菌(Salmonella)就会分泌转录因子,促进更多M细胞的形成,造出更多的大门。随后,它们会强行扒拉开这些口子,让更多沙门氏菌入侵肠道。根据美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)的统计,每年都有100多万人感染沙门氏菌,平均每天都有人因为感染而去世。

读到这里,可能有些朋友会问,这和神经系统有什么关系呢?别急,接下来就是神经系统登场的时间了。为了研究感知疼痛的肠道神经元是否会对细菌感染起到保护作用,研究人员做了一个对比实验:一组小鼠的神经元功能完整,另外两组小鼠的神经元则失去了功能(分别使用遗传学手段和化学手段)。

有意思的是,有着完整神经元功能的那些小鼠,对沙门氏菌有着更好的抵抗功能。而背后的原因,则颇为出人意料——这些神经元会直接分泌叫做CGRP的多肽,在大脑里,它和偏头痛的发作有关。在肠道里,它也会让沙门氏菌感到“头痛”。原来,这种多肽会抑制M细胞的产生,这就无形中减少了沙门氏菌的入侵点。此外,CGRP还能够促进分段丝状细菌(segmentous filamentous bacteria)的生长。这类细菌与沙门氏菌可以说是死对头,会抑制后者对肠道的入侵。

“很明显,神经系统直接作用于感染性的生物,并以多种方式调节免疫能力。” 本研究的通讯作者Isaac M. Chiu教授说道。研究人员也指出,这能够解释为何一些滥用止疼药的人会更容易出现感染。此外,我们也有望通过调节神经信号,来找到对抗肠道感染或炎症的方法。

“我们的发现表明神经系统不只是简单的‘感知和警报’系统。在肠道里,神经细胞不止有这些功能。它们还能调节肠道的免疫能力,维持肠道的稳态,并积极提供抗击感染的保护。” Chiu教授总结说道。

原始出处:
Nicole Y.Lai1,Melissa A.Musser1211,Felipe A.Pinho-Ribeiro111,et al.Gut-Innervating Nociceptor Neurons Regulate Peyer’s Patch Microfold Cells and SFB Levels to Mediate Salmonella Host DefenseAuthor links open overlay panel.cell.Available online 5 December 2019.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.014

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    2020-09-15 维他命
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