BMJ:这么吃,心血管疾病和死亡风险更低

2020-03-20 王芳 生物探索

吃是一种需要,会吃却是一门学问。合理的饮食结构、适当的营养元素搭配,可以增加抵御疾病的能力,并降低肥胖、心血管疾病等非传染性疾病的患病风险。那么,如何吃更健康呢?

吃是一种需要,会吃却是一门学问。合理的饮食结构、适当的营养元素搭配,可以增加抵御疾病的能力,并降低肥胖、心血管疾病等非传染性疾病的患病风险。那么,如何吃更健康呢?

3月18日,《BMJ》发布的一项新研究报告在为人们揭示多种营养元素与健康之间的关系的同时,提出了一种能够有效降低全因死亡率和心血管疾病风险的饮食搭配,并警示人们,过多的糖分和饱和脂肪酸摄入是健康的两大杀手。


https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m688

这里需要说明一下,饱和脂肪酸是指不含双键的脂肪酸,主要作用是为人体提供能量,增加人体内的胆固醇和中性脂肪,一般多见于牛、羊、猪等动物的脂肪中。分子中含有一个或多个双键的脂肪酸就是不饱和脂肪酸,按照碳链中含有不饱和键的数量又可分为单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,具有调节血脂、清理血栓、健脑补脑等作用,常见于蔬菜、鱼类、水果、奶类等食物中。

来自英国格拉斯哥大学、纽卡斯尔大学以及智利的研究人员从英国生物银行中筛选了195,658位符合研究条件的参与者,通过此前记录的参与者身体状况、饮食和代谢情况,探索了三种常量营养素(碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质)及其成分(糖、淀粉、膳食纤维、饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸)与心血管疾病和全因死亡率之间的关系。

记录的数据显示,随访期间有4780名(2.4%)参与者死亡,10,724名(5.5%)参与者患上心血管疾病。其中,对死亡患者的平均随访期为10.6年(范围9.4-13.9),对心血管疾病患者的平均随访期为9.7年(范围8.5-13.0)。

通过对这些参与者的数据进行分析,研究人员发现碳水化合物(糖、淀粉和纤维)和蛋白质的摄入与全因死亡率呈非线性关系,而脂肪则与全因死亡率呈线性相关。其中,较高的糖分摄入与全因死亡风险和患心血管疾病的风险较高均有关联,而较高的饱和脂肪酸摄入与全因死亡风险较高有关。


各种营养元素与全因死亡之间的关系


各种营养元素与心血管疾病之间的关系

于是,在进一步研究中,研究人员使用多变量养分密度模型,研究了这两种营养元素的等热量替代。结果表明,能量保持恒定的情况下,使用淀粉、多不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质代替糖,可降低全因死亡风险和心血管疾病风险,此时替代品的能量高达30%来自淀粉、25%来自多不饱和脂肪酸、20%来自蛋白质。同样,当使用多不饱和脂肪酸和蛋白质代替饱和脂肪酸时,能够降低全因死亡率和偶发心血管疾病的风险,此时多不饱和脂肪酸的能量高达25%,蛋白质的能量为15%。

进一步研究表明,在所有的饮食模式中,全因死亡率风险最低的饮食方式为:10-30g高纤维、14-30%蛋白质、10-25%单不饱和脂肪酸、5%-7%多不饱和脂肪酸以及20%-30%淀粉摄入。


这项研究表明,在进行饮食搭配时,不仅应该考虑碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的比例,还需要注意每不同成分对健康的影响。不过,这项研究没有调查添加糖、反式脂肪、多不饱和脂肪类型以及动物性和植物性蛋白质之间的关系。因此在参考时还需谨慎对待。

原始出处:
Frederick K Ho, et al. Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality: prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants. BMJ.doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m688

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    2020-07-03 gaoxiaoe
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848984, encodeId=4629184898443, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 21:32:21 CST 2020, time=2020-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=808731, encodeId=879f808e31bd, content=学习了,非常有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/22/c26524b0b4ca80000d38f0294262c002.jpg, createdBy=3cf52015303, createdName=苏小雨, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 07:09:14 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=380847, encodeId=366138084e08, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 21:29:27 CST 2020, time=2020-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1255956, encodeId=e3ba12559569f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=587f6339050' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#死亡风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63390, encryptionId=587f6339050, topicName=死亡风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 05:32:21 CST 2020, time=2020-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1498709, encodeId=3c611498e097c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bb6f89e145a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管疾病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89714, encryptionId=bb6f89e145a, topicName=血管疾病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ccb99370406, createdName=andy2090, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 05:32:21 CST 2020, time=2020-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-14 苏小雨

    学习了,非常有用

    0

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    2020-03-22 天地飞扬

    学习

    0

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