Cell:揭秘鸡皮疙瘩与“防秃头”之间有着强大联系...

2020-07-22 佚名 生物技术君

近日,发表在《Cell》上的一项研究中,来自美国哈佛大学的科学家们给了我们一些惊人的线索:引起鸡皮疙瘩的细胞类型对于调节再生毛囊和头发的干细胞也是非常重要的。简而言之,鸡皮疙瘩与“防秃头”之间有着联系

什么时候会让你浑身起鸡皮疙瘩?答案:一丝寒意让你瑟瑟发抖时。


有人思考过为什么我们会起鸡皮疙瘩吗?如果你有过,那么恭喜你!因为你和达尔文一样,他在他关于进化的着作中对鸡皮疙瘩进行了思考。


在一些动物中,鸡皮疙瘩也许能保护它们免受寒冷的侵袭,但我们人类似乎并没有从这种反应中获益太多。那为什么在演化的过程中它被保留了下来了呢?


近日,发表在《Cell》上的一项研究中,来自美国哈佛大学的科学家们给了我们一些惊人的线索:引起鸡皮疙瘩的细胞类型对于调节再生毛囊和头发的干细胞也是非常重要的。简而言之,鸡皮疙瘩与“防秃头”之间有着强大的联系。


在皮肤下面,收缩产生鸡皮疙瘩的肌肉是连接交感神经与毛囊干细胞的桥梁。交感神经的作用就是在我们感到丝丝寒意时,收缩肌肉并引起鸡皮疙瘩和毛发直立的反应。当然,这只是短期作用。它在长期的作用则是通过驱动毛囊干细胞的激活和长出新头发。


由于寒冷,短期内,毛囊中的肌肉(粉红色)会收缩,引起鸡皮疙瘩。长期寒冷时,交感神经(绿色)释放针对毛囊干细胞(蓝色)的神经递质,从而激活并生长新的头发。


这项在小鼠身上的发现,让研究人员更好地了解了不同类型的细胞如何相互作用,从而将干细胞活动与外界环境的变化联系起来。


研究通讯作者、干细胞与再生生物学副教授Ya-Chieh Hsu说:“我们一直对了解外部刺激如何调节干细胞的行为很感兴趣。皮肤是一个迷人的系统,它分隔着我们的身体和外部世界,并有着多种类型的干细胞。因此,它们可能会对各种刺激做出反应,从生态位到整个身体,甚至是外部环境。在这项研究中,我们发现了一个有趣的双组分小生境,不仅在稳态下调节干细胞,而且会根据外界温度的变化调节干细胞的行为。”


调节头发生长的系统


许多器官都由上皮、间质和神经组成。在皮肤中,这三个组织以一种特殊的方式排列。交感神经是我们神经系统的一部分,它控制着人体的体内稳态以及我们对外部刺激的反应。它与间质中的一块小平滑肌相连,平滑肌又与毛囊干细胞相连,毛囊干细胞是一种上皮干细胞,对毛囊再生和伤口修复至关重要。


交感神经和肌肉之间的联系是众所周知的,因为它们是鸡皮疙瘩背后的细胞基础:寒冷触发交感神经细胞发送神经信号,肌肉通过收缩和引起毛发直立的反应。然而,当用电子显微镜在极高分辨率下检查皮肤时,研究人员发现交感神经不仅与肌肉有关,而且与毛囊干细胞形成直接联系。事实上,神经纤维就像丝带一样包裹着毛囊干细胞。


Hsu说:“我们真的可以在超微结构水平上看到神经和干细胞是如何相互作用的。神经元倾向于调节可兴奋的细胞,就像其他神经元或带有突触的肌肉一样。但我们惊讶地发现,它们与上皮干细胞形成类似突触的结构,而上皮干细胞并不是神经元的典型目标。”


接下来,研究人员证实了神经确实以干细胞为目标。交感神经系统通常在一个恒定的低水平下被激活以维持体内稳态。研究人员发现,这种低水平的神经活动将干细胞保持在蓄势状态以备再生。在长时间的低温下,神经被激活的程度更高,并且释放出更多的神经递质,从而导致干细胞迅速激活,使毛囊再生并长出新的头发。


此外,研究人员还研究了是什么维持了与毛囊干细胞的神经联系。当移除与毛囊相连的肌肉时,交感神经收缩,与毛囊干细胞的神经连接丢失,这表明肌肉是连接交感神经与毛囊的必要结构支撑。


系统如何发展


除了研究处于完全形成状态的毛囊以外,研究人员还研究了系统最初是如何发展的,即肌肉和神经最初是如何到达毛囊的。


研究第一作者、Hsu实验室的博士后研究员Yulia Shwartz说:“我们发现信号来自发育中的毛囊本身。它分泌一种调节平滑肌形成的蛋白质,然后吸引交感神经。到了成年期后,这种相互作用发生逆转,神经和肌肉一起调节毛囊干细胞,以再生新的毛囊。然后,它就关闭这个周期——发育中的毛囊建立自己的生态位。”


响应环境


神经是通过神经递质激活干细胞的信号传导成分,而肌肉是使神经纤维直接与毛囊干细胞连接的结构成分。


Shwartz说:“你可以用很多不同的方式调节毛囊干细胞,它们是研究组织再生的极好模型。这种特殊的反应有助于将组织再生与外界的变化(如温度)结合起来。这是一个两层意义的反应:鸡皮疙瘩是一种在短期内提供保护或缓解的快速方式;但当寒冷持续时,就让干细胞知道是时候再生新的毛发保暖了。这就成为一种很好的机制。”


在未来,研究人员将进一步探索在体内稳态下,或在伤口愈合等修复情况下,外部环境如何影响皮肤中的干细胞。

 

原始出处:

Yulia Shwartz 1, Meryem Gonzalez-Celeiro 2, Chih-Lung Chen 3, et al.Cell Types Promoting Goosebumps Form a Niche to Regulate Hair Follicle Stem Cells.Cell. 2020 Jul 15;S0092-8674(20)30808-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.031.

 

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    2021-11-12 湘雅科教

    已拜读,受益匪浅。

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    2021-01-22 维他命
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069550, encodeId=c1fb1069550de, content=已拜读,受益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c905475903, createdName=湘雅科教, createdTime=Fri Nov 12 10:39:31 CST 2021, time=2021-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871850, encodeId=aa0918e1850d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Tue Mar 16 22:11:52 CST 2021, time=2021-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962147, encodeId=7c07196214e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 07:11:52 CST 2021, time=2021-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1484058, encodeId=abe21484058c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6c16e475707' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#秃头#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74757, encryptionId=6c16e475707, topicName=秃头)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6347942440, createdName=654699882_84926988, createdTime=Fri Jul 24 07:11:52 CST 2020, time=2020-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=804079, encodeId=69ee8040e99b, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Thu Jul 23 10:17:04 CST 2020, time=2020-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=803984, encodeId=0b3e80398477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15098523e34' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脱发#</a>会运动的皮肤不容易脱发。这个研究超有意思。🔥🔥🔥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85237, encryptionId=15098523e34, topicName=脱发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Wed Jul 22 20:22:58 CST 2020, time=2020-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069550, encodeId=c1fb1069550de, content=已拜读,受益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c905475903, createdName=湘雅科教, createdTime=Fri Nov 12 10:39:31 CST 2021, time=2021-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871850, encodeId=aa0918e1850d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Tue Mar 16 22:11:52 CST 2021, time=2021-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962147, encodeId=7c07196214e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 07:11:52 CST 2021, time=2021-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1484058, encodeId=abe21484058c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6c16e475707' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#秃头#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74757, encryptionId=6c16e475707, topicName=秃头)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6347942440, createdName=654699882_84926988, createdTime=Fri Jul 24 07:11:52 CST 2020, time=2020-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=804079, encodeId=69ee8040e99b, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Thu Jul 23 10:17:04 CST 2020, time=2020-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=803984, encodeId=0b3e80398477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15098523e34' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脱发#</a>会运动的皮肤不容易脱发。这个研究超有意思。🔥🔥🔥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85237, encryptionId=15098523e34, topicName=脱发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Wed Jul 22 20:22:58 CST 2020, time=2020-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-07-23 医鸣惊人

    学习

    0

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    2020-07-22 lovetcm

    #脱发#会运动的皮肤不容易脱发。这个研究超有意思。🔥🔥🔥

    0

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