甲型流感来势汹汹,专家表示群体免疫下降,口罩增加了易感人群

2022-06-27 李安琪 “深究科学”公众号 ID: deepscience

最近,广东各地发热门诊流感患者人数剧增,广州多家药店抗病毒类药物销售明显增长,甚至出现缺货情形。广东疾控流感监测数据也显示,门诊中流感样病例占总门诊量已达7.29%,也就是平均100个门诊病例中,有7

来自广州日报?

导读

新冠侵袭两年来,有一个隐形“杀手”藏在暗处蠢蠢欲动,它就是反复侵扰我们的流感。今年6月以来,广东、江西、福建、海南等南方省份的流感病毒检测阳性率持续上升。

最近,广东各地发热门诊流感患者人数剧增,广州多家药店抗病毒类药物销售明显增长,甚至出现缺货情形。广东疾控流感监测数据也显示,门诊中流感样病例占总门诊量已达7.29%,也就是平均100个门诊病例中,有7个都是流感病人。

广东疾控中心在阳性检出标本中发现,此次病毒以甲型流感(H3N2)病毒为主。甲型流感来势汹汹,会转为季节性流感病毒,还是会成为新的广泛流行?为预防新冠,我们一直戴口罩,为何甲流不但没有减少,反而增多了?

01

为何今年甲流瞄准我国南方?

从6月份开始,广州医院发热门诊的接诊人数急剧上升。据广东省妇幼保健院急诊科主任邓文介绍,一天的接诊人数约有600至700人,与去年同期相比数量上升明显。

除了广东外,江西、广西、福建等南方省份也均进入了流感夏季流行期。

为何流感在南方地区的夏季如此盛行?

一般来说,在南方,全年都可能出现流感,而在北方,流感常见于冬春季。这次南方的流感的夏季高发情况,可能与气候变化有关。

广东省疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所所长康敏表示,流感病毒的传播跟众多因素相关,包括人员流动、人口密度,以及气候因素。此次流感“来势汹汹”,跟广东湿热的天气也有一定关系。

他还指出,南方省份进入夏季后,人们的活动增加,人与人之间的流动性也增加,加上空调的使用,导致大多数室内场所密闭,为病毒传播创造了条件。研究也表明,在夏季,适当的温度有利于流感病毒的传播。

除此之外,康敏还表示,近几年受新冠疫情影响,戴口罩已经成为了大家日常出行的习惯,这使得广东流感感染水平较低,为本次流感流行积累了大量的易感人群。流感病毒发生变异,人体交叉保护的能力减弱,导致人群更加容易感染。

另外,从中国国家流感中心发布的今年第23周(6月6日—6月12日)流感监测周报中可以看到,今年夏季南方流感的高发程度不同寻常。

2019-2022年度南方省份哨点医院报告的流感样病例,请注意红线走势

2019-2022年度北方省份哨点医院报告的流感样病例,请注意红线走势

02

H3N2究竟是怎样的病毒,为何如此猖狂?

谈起流行性感冒,很多人会被“感冒”两个字眼迷惑,认为和普通感冒并无差异。但其实这两者完全不同。

普通感冒多由鼻病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒等感染所引起,传染性较弱,临床表现较轻。而流感则由流感病毒引起,它们是一种传染性强、传播速度快的急性呼吸道传染病,并且临床症状较重,表现为高热、头痛、乏力等。

另外,据相关资料介绍,流感病毒分为甲、乙、丙、丁四型,目前感染人的主要是甲型流感病毒中的A(H1N1、H3N2)亚型及乙型流感病毒中的B(Victoria)和B(Yamagata)系,即甲流、乙流。

那么,本次在我国南方地区高发的是何种流感病毒呢?

透射电镜下的H3N2病毒,图片来自cdc

据广东省流感病原学监测结果显示,在本次夏季流感中,广东流行的优势毒株是“甲3型”,即H3N2亚型流感病毒,它是常见的流感亚型,在广东省既往多个年份,如2015年、2017年夏季均有流行。

江西疾控也表示,今年3月中旬以来江西省的流感优势毒株由近两年流行的B(Victoria)型流感病毒株转换为当前的H3N2亚型流感病毒株。

南方省份 ILI 标本检测结果:2022 年第 23 周南方省份检测到 1067 份流感病毒阳性标本,其中 1055 份为 A(H3N2) 亚型流感,12 份 为 B(Victoria)。紫色为A亚型流感。

从今年的18周之后,即4月中下旬南方省份A亚型流感毒株构成比例增加

据专家介绍,近两年,H3N2亚型流感病毒株相对沉寂,群众的免疫水平偏低,这一型别流感毒株易引发夏季流行高峰,导致今年夏季季节性H3N2亚型流感活跃度增高。

康敏强调,H3N2毒株还有一个显着特点是变异频繁,不过目前并没有发生公共卫生意义上的变异,现有的抗病毒药物对其仍然有效,毒力也没有发生根本性的变化。

新冠尚未结束,流感与新冠风险并行,两者又同属于呼吸道传染疾病,表现症状相似,在早期很难辨别,并且流感高发,医院也难免形成聚集人群,更易导致呼吸疾病的传染和爆发。因此,我们依旧需要佩戴口罩。

03

我们的“老朋友”——甲型流感病毒

甲型流感病毒对我们来说并不陌生。

1918年爆发的H1N1亚型大流感,我国南北多地也都涉及此疫情。

1957年2月,我国贵州省出现H2N2亚型流感,蔓延至全国各地,这是建国以来我国出现的最严重的的一次流感疫情,也正是这次大流行促使我国建立了国家流感中心。

1968年,我国香港地区爆发H2N2亚型流感疫情,影响了我国大部分地区。

1977年,前苏联远东地区爆发H1N1亚型流感。这年,我国的流感活动强度仅次于1968年。

2009年,美国和墨西哥也爆发H1N1亚型流感疫情。迅速有效的防控措施,及时的疫苗研发和接种,降低了我国的患病率和死亡率。然而,该年的甲流在世界范围内造成了数十万人的死亡,在我国,也仍有三万多例超额死亡。

又是H1N1,又是H2N2,那么甲型流感病毒到底有多少种呢?

知名专家安东尼·福奇曾在NEJM上写道,甲型流感病毒拥有8个基因,其中2个基因负责编码病毒表面的蛋白质——红细胞凝集素(H蛋白)和神经氨酸酶(N蛋白),这2种蛋白质使流感病毒能够进入宿主细胞并在宿主细胞中传播。

由于H蛋白有16个亚型,N蛋白有9个亚型,流感病毒的HN组合可以有144种可能。不过,目前仅有3种组合——H1N1、H2N2以及H3N2具有感染人类的能力,其他组合如H5N1型禽流感病毒虽然偶尔也传染给人类,但其本质上仍然属于禽流感病毒。

在世界卫生组织关于流感的报道中写到,甲型流感病毒能够感染?类和多种动物,如果出现能够感染人类并且造成人际传播的新型甲型流感病毒,流感大流行的风险也会随之增加。

流感大流行是一类不可预测但又重复发?的事件,对世界范围内的卫?、经济和社会造成了影响。那么,我们能够完全消灭甲流病毒吗?答案是不能。

甲流病毒的主要隐蔽宿主为水禽,病毒无处不在,世界上还存在许多时时刻刻在变异的病毒。我们只能采取防护措施,保证自身不被感染,减少患病率和死亡率。同时要养成合理的膳食、卫生和运动习惯,提高自身免疫力,加强对流感的检测,提前制定流感大流行应对计划,防患于未然,也是对我们最好的保护。

参考资料

1.中国国家流感中心——2022年第23周第704期中国流感监测周报.

2.为什么广东今年流感这么“凶”?专家权威解答.

3.省疾控专家:目前广东流行的是甲型流感,做好这些能有效预防.

4.南方多省发流感预警!沉寂多年的流感为何突然在夏季高发?

5.世界卫生组织 _ 禽流感及其它人畜共患型流感.

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    2022-10-16 hb2008ye
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    2022-09-07 146480bem82暂无昵称

    流感疫苗的应用,降低了流感的发病率,减轻了流感症状。

    0

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