Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol:非酒精性脂肪性肝病和糖尿病相互作用的全球视野

2022-04-06 Naomi MedSci原创

非酒精性脂肪肝已经成为一种流行病,全球范围内肥胖和2型糖尿病患病率的上升推动了葡萄糖和脂质代谢途径的损害。NAFLD既可被视为糖尿病流行的驱动力,也可被视为糖尿病流行的结果。

非酒精性脂肪肝已经成为一种流行病,就像其他非传染性疾病一样,如癌症、肥胖症、糖尿病和心血管疾病。非酒精性脂肪肝的病理生理,特别是胰岛素抵抗和亚临床炎症,不仅与这些非传染性疾病的病理生理密切相关,而且与传染性疾病的严重2019冠状病毒疾病有关。单靠遗传学不能解释过去20年来NAFLD患病率的大幅增加以及预计今后几十年的增加。全球范围内肥胖和2型糖尿病患病率的上升推动了葡萄糖和脂质代谢途径的损害,这很可能是 NAFLD 患者增加的原因。由于非酒精性脂肪肝的患病率在聚类分析确定的糖尿病和前驱糖尿病患者亚组中存在差异,按主要病理机制对糖尿病和前驱糖尿病患者进行分层可能会改善非酒精性脂肪肝的诊断和预测其进展。

这篇综述旨在了解糖尿病如何影响肝脏脂肪变性的发展及其进展到晚期肝脏损害。首先,研究强调 NAFLD 和糖尿病在世界范围内共同发生的程度。其次,讨论非酒精性脂肪肝和2型糖尿病发病机制的主要机制,并讨论这些机制是否将非酒精性脂肪肝置于更好地理解非传染性疾病和传染性疾病(如2019冠状病毒疾病)发病机制的重要位置。第三,讨论这些知识是否可以用于未来对非酒精性脂肪肝的个性化治疗。最后,讨论了目前治疗2型糖尿病的策略及其在治疗从单纯性脂肪变性肝炎到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化等肝脏疾病中的有效性。

图1:糖尿病患者NAFLD、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、纤维化的全球患病率和NAFLD的区域性患病率及其与糖尿病的相关

糖尿病患者中NAFLD、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎和纤维化的全球和地区流行率的数据主要来自Younossi和他的同事(为了估计地区和全球的流行率,他们对每个国家的糖尿病患病率进行了随机影响荟萃分析,然后计算出每个国家最近一年的总人口加权平均患病率(2014年至2017年)和其他研究(包括2020-21年度发表的8项NAFLD弹性成像[n=7]或MRI[n=1]筛查研究)。糖尿病患病率的数据(截至2019年的数据)来自我们世界各地的数据,根据国际糖尿病联合会糖尿病图集的信息得出。糖尿病患病率是指20-79岁患有1型或2型糖尿病的人中的百分比。改编自我们在数据中的世界。虚线不应该准确地表示区域。NAFLD=非酒精性脂肪性肝病。

 

图2:非传染性疾病和糖尿病与非传染性疾病和新冠肺炎肥胖的关系

肥胖通过炎症、脂肪因子的异常释放和游离脂肪酸的增加,在促进心血管疾病、某些类型的癌症、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝方面发挥核心作用。肥胖也间接导致心血管疾病、癌症和非酒精性脂肪肝的发病,其机制与引起2型糖尿病相关高血糖的机制相同。NAFLD相关的肝脏葡萄糖生成增加也会促进高血糖。通过涉及胰岛素抵抗、高血糖和炎症的免疫调节,肥胖和糖尿病也与新冠肺炎的风险增加和严重病程相关。

SARS-CoV-2被认为损害了β细胞的功能,促进了心肌炎和内皮炎,并引发了肝脏炎症。此外,高胰岛素血症促进了脂肪组织的SARS-CoV-2感染。脂肪变性和炎症的肝脏通过促进高血糖、血脂异常、肝细胞因子的异常释放和高凝状态,参与了糖尿病、心血管疾病和全身炎症(导致肝细胞癌)的发病机制。NAFLD=非酒精性脂肪性肝病。

 

图3:诱发NAFLD的主要途径及其与胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病、心血管疾病、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎和纤维化的关系

NAFLD患者有很强的肝脏遗传成分,肝脏脂肪含量高,但胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的风险不高。患心血管疾病的风险与肥胖的严重程度有关。在具有强烈肝脏遗传成分的NAFLD患者中,NASH和纤维化的风险中等到重度增加。在生活方式成分(低体力活动和不健康饮食)和脂肪组织成分(高内脏脂肪和低臀股脂肪)的NAFLD患者中,观察到严重的胰岛素抵抗,糖尿病和心血管疾病的高风险,以及NASH和纤维化的中等增加的风险。NAFLD=非酒精性脂肪性肝病。NASH=非酒精性脂肪性肝炎。*PNPLA3和TM6SF2的变异可以降低心血管疾病的风险。

 

图4:非酒精性脂肪性肝病及其在一生中进展为严重的肝脏和心脏代谢疾病的可改变和不可改变的危险因素,虚线箭头表示促进或易患疾病的因素。

在不可改变的风险因素中,非酒精性脂肪性肝病的最重要的遗传变异,基因决定的脂肪分布和肌肉质量,以及与衰老相关的脂肪组织的增加和重新分配以及肌肉质量的减少。这些因素使人们容易患上孤立性脂肪变性。

在生命的早期阶段,不健康的生活方式也会促进肝脏脂肪变性,这是一个可改变的危险因素。一种不健康的生活方式,通过促进肠道生物失调和2型糖尿病相关的高血糖和高胰岛素血症,也会导致从孤立脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的转变,并导致非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的进展。2型糖尿病相关的高血糖也会导致从非酒精性脂肪性肝炎到肝纤维化和肝细胞癌的进展。孤立性脂肪变性和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎也会增加心血管疾病和糖尿病的风险。

 

图5:非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者未获批准但可用于非酒精性脂肪性肝病和肥胖症或2型糖尿病患者的治疗方法

这些治疗方法可根据不同医学指南的建议使用。肝活检F1-F3提示肝纤维化阶段。

结论:

就其成为全球流行病的传播方式、发病机制和治疗反应性而言,非酒精性脂肪肝与非传染性疾病心血管疾病、癌症、肥胖症、糖尿病以及传染病新冠肺炎有许多相似之处。其中,非酒精性脂肪肝最常合并糖尿病。NAFLD既可以被视为糖尿病流行的驱动力,也可以被视为糖尿病流行的结果。

这一观察得出了4个重要结论:

首先,与肥胖和心血管疾病类似,非酒精性脂肪肝应纳入糖尿病患者的疾病管理计划;

其次,根据糖尿病前期和糖尿病患者的精确表型研究和聚类分析的重要新发现,NAFLD应该用于对糖尿病并发症的风险进行分层

第三,由于NAFLD的发病机制与糖尿病前期和糖尿病的亚型相同,因此NAFLD的发生应该被用于糖尿病患者的个性化治疗(尽管个性化药物努力还处于早期阶段,需要做更多的工作)

最后,对糖尿病前期和糖尿病有效的早期预防和新的治疗方法(从吡格列酮、GLP-1受体激动剂和SGLT2抑制剂到新型双重GIP和GLP-1受体激动剂)也应该用于治疗NAFLD患者。

文献来源:Stefan N, Cusi K. A global view of the interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(4):284-296. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00003-1

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  4. 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time=2023-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208894, encodeId=b4ed120889410, content=认真学习~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cfb41991958, createdName=xulv123, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 07:23:34 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676708, encodeId=ee3216e670870, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=397299e19c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非酒精性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99719, encryptionId=397299e19c7, topicName=非酒精性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d18c27357544, createdName=Tommy1958, createdTime=Tue Jul 05 18:31:35 CST 2022, time=2022-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1909337, encodeId=725d190933e06, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8039e2512e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72512, encryptionId=8039e2512e8, topicName=相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, 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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676708, encodeId=ee3216e670870, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=397299e19c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非酒精性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99719, encryptionId=397299e19c7, topicName=非酒精性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d18c27357544, createdName=Tommy1958, createdTime=Tue Jul 05 18:31:35 CST 2022, time=2022-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1909337, encodeId=725d190933e06, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8039e2512e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72512, encryptionId=8039e2512e8, topicName=相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, 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time=2023-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208894, encodeId=b4ed120889410, content=认真学习~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cfb41991958, createdName=xulv123, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 07:23:34 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-09-22 qjddjq
  9. 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time=2023-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208894, encodeId=b4ed120889410, content=认真学习~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cfb41991958, createdName=xulv123, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 07:23:34 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-02-01 howi
  10. 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    2022-04-06 xulv123

    认真学习~

    0

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