PNAS重磅:胆固醇影响阿尔茨海默症斑块沉积,治疗新机遇将诞生!

2021-08-31 生物探索 生物探索

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是一种常见的老年痴呆类型疾病,主要的病理特征包括β淀粉样蛋白沉积形成的斑块、tau蛋白过度磷酸化形成的神经元纤维缠结、炎症反应、突触减少以及神经元丢失。以往的体外实验表明

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是一种常见的老年痴呆类型疾病,主要的病理特征包括β淀粉样蛋白沉积形成的斑块、tau蛋白过度磷酸化形成的神经元纤维缠结、炎症反应、突触减少以及神经元丢失。以往的体外实验表明,β淀粉样蛋白的产生与星形胶质细胞中的载脂蛋白e有关,但其产生的内源性调控过程目前尚不清楚。

为了明确β淀粉样蛋白将体内调控过程,由美国斯克里普斯研究所的科学家领导的一项研究利用超分辨率成像的先进显微镜技术展开了相关研究,发现β淀粉样蛋白在神经元中的积累受到胆固醇合成以及来自星形胶质细胞的载脂蛋白e转运的紧密调控。相关研究结果以Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol为题发表在PNAS上。

关于阿尔茨海默症,目前尚未发现完全治愈的方法,从相关研究来看,胆固醇很有可能在AD发病机制中发挥重要作用。因而,理清胆固醇在阿尔茨海默症的发病机制中是如何发挥作用的,很有可能使其成为AD新的治疗靶点。星形胶质细胞载脂蛋白e是胆固醇从星形细胞向神经元运输所必需的,脑内的其他胆固醇转运蛋白可能也负担着胆固醇的运输,但载脂蛋白e是将胆固醇运输到神经元的主要蛋白质。星形胶质细胞制造胆固醇并通过载脂蛋白e将其运输到神经元,它也是与阿尔茨海默症相关性最强的遗传风险因子,这也就产生了星形胶质细胞可能通过调节脂簇功能来控制β淀粉样蛋白积累的假设。

一方面,载脂蛋白e借助于星形胶质细胞衍生的胆固醇运送淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)进出脂质团,APP与β和γ分泌酶相互作用生成β淀粉样蛋白,进而聚集形成β淀粉样蛋白斑块。另一方面, APP与第三种酶 α分泌酶产生相互作用,产生可溶性的APP片段sAPP-α,进而减少了β淀粉样蛋白的生成。进一步证实了以往研究中APP淀粉样变过程和非淀粉样变过程都会受到胆固醇含量的调控。

AD患者大脑中胆固醇含量很高, 研究人员预测星形胶质细胞中胆固醇的衰减会降低体内形成的β淀粉样蛋白的浓度。为了验证这一假说,他们建立了“3xTg-AD”小鼠模型,这些经过基因改造的小鼠脑内产生了大量的β淀粉样蛋白。当星形胶质细胞 SREBP2(胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白抗体)缺失时,即胆固醇含量较低时, sapp-α的产生量增加,在不改变APP总量的情况下稳定地减少了β淀粉样蛋白的产生,并且也阻止了tau磷酸化;而如果SREBP2水平增高,即胆固醇含量较高时,载脂蛋白e将前体蛋白APP转移到 β 和 γ 分泌酶中,进而产生β淀粉样蛋白。

这些实验数据证明,星形胶质细胞胆固醇合成的靶向缺失显着地减少了AD小鼠模型中β淀粉样蛋白的沉积和tau蛋白磷酸化。研究表明当胆固醇含量较低时,载脂蛋白e会促进前体蛋白APP与α分泌酶的作用,产生较多的sAPP-α;当胆固醇含量较高时,载脂蛋白e将前体蛋白APP转移到 β 和 γ 分泌酶中,进而产生β淀粉样蛋白。

研究人员的实验证明星形胶质细胞是β淀粉样蛋白积累的关键调节器,胆固醇的增加促使APP与脂簇中β-和γ-分泌酶反应进而加速β淀粉样蛋白的累积,而β淀粉样蛋白的累积又进一步加速了β淀粉样蛋白斑块的沉积。该研究为了解胆固醇对β淀粉样蛋白的调控及其与阿尔茨海默症(AD)的相关性提供了分子背景,既有助于对阿尔茨海默症的理解,也为胆固醇相关基因作为其风险因素的作用提供了解释。揭示胆固醇对β淀粉样蛋白的调控机制,或许可能为阿尔茨海默症的预防以及治疗带来新机遇!

原始出处:

Hao Wang, Joshua A. Kulas, Chao Wang, et al. Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol. PNAS August 17, 2021 118 (33) e2102191118; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102191118.

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    2022-06-20 drwjr
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    2021-09-02 xxxx1054

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