IEEE trans:单目三维摆动跟踪系统评估安静站立时脑低灌注受试者的姿势不稳定性

2021-06-11 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

姿势控制对维持独立性和生活质量至关重要。 定向和平衡是姿势的重要组成部分。衰老和神经退行性疾病(如帕金森氏病、多发性硬化症)可导致姿势控制恶化,这与跌倒风险增加有关,从而降低生活质量。老年人的不稳定和

姿势控制对维持独立性和生活质量至关重要。 定向和平衡是姿势的重要组成部分。衰老和神经退行性疾病(如帕金森氏病、多发性硬化症)可导致姿势控制恶化,这与跌倒风险增加有关,从而降低生活质量。老年人的不稳定和跌倒是一个复杂的多因素问题,其风险因素包括肌肉控制、视力损害和处方药的影响。老年人不稳定和跌倒的一个潜在病因机制是低脑血流量(CBF),因此脑灌注不足,导致由于心脑血管调节受损。 大脑自动调节在一系列灌注压中维持相对恒定的CBF,但动脉血压的快速变化,例如在仰卧位到站立过渡期间,可导致大脑灌注压的急性降低,随后流向大脑的血流量减少。灌注减少会导致大脑和中枢神经系统的能量代谢和活动减少 ,这可能会影响心脏姿势平衡控制 。临床上需要客观地监测姿势和平衡控制,以评估治疗效果和康复 。

静息状态下的平衡控制主要是通过使用三维相机分析测量重心(CoM)的变化来研究的。实验室级基于摄像头的测量技术传统上仅限于在受控环境中进行评估和验证新技术,但通常过于昂贵或繁琐,无法纳入临床环境。 基于标记的运动捕捉系统已被广泛用于安静站立时的CoM估计和跟踪,其中受试者配备有反光或照明的标记,并通过多摄像机实验室装置跟踪身体部分的三维运动学数据。尽管这些系统能够评估全身运动,但系统费用等原因限制了它们的临床应用 。使用iPad和带有反光标记的3D摄像机的较便宜的多模式替代品已被提议用于卧姿期间的静态姿势评估,但目前缺乏跟踪站立时动态摇摆的能力。无标记技术,如基于Microsoft Kinect的技术,具有无标记环境成像的优点,但现有方法在安静站立期间没有显示解剖相关位置的精度。在本文中,提出了一个单目三维运动跟踪成像系统,的目的是在临床或自然环境进行姿势评估。 

Fig. 1. - Overview of the monocular 3D sway estimation imaging system. Frames were captured posterior to the participant. Target features were tracked in 2D, and using a priori 3D geometric model, 3D sway coordinates were estimated and transformed into anatomical space. Upper and lower trunk sway coordinates were estimated by tracking shoulder and lumbar targets, resulting in a global 3D sway profile (blue: early stance, red: late stance).

系统试验流程图

14名健康青年参与了本次试验。在模拟现实的退休和长期护理生活条件中的公寓收集数据。参与者测量心率,通过经颅多普勒超声测量CBF。空间分辨近红外光谱探针置于右眼眉毛上方的额头上,测量脑组织氧合指数(TSI)。 受试者按随机顺序完成两次站立:(1)仰卧-站立过渡,然后安静站立60秒;(2)2分钟自愿引导过度通气(20次/min),然后立即仰卧-站立过渡,安静站立60秒,恢复正常呼吸。 本文开发了一个单目成像系统,用于跟踪三维摇摆特性。使用已知的先验目标模型几何,我们拟合运动学模型来估计三维相机空间中的绝对摇摆位置。将腰椎的运动方向投射到身体的中心,以追踪虚拟的下躯干摆动坐标。采用两段铰接的生物力学运动模型,上下躯干之间有铰链效应。为了将摆动与这两个部分分开,在左肩和腰椎上固定了独特的解剖靶点。使用可调节的躯干安全带固定目标,固定点位于肩峰突和L3椎体,通过骨性标志识别。三维跟踪估计由先验几何模型引导,以提高三维估计精度。

心血管和摇摆在控制和低灌注状态下的差异在早期站立时最大。血压测量值(平均值、舒张压、收缩压)对灌注状态没有显著的主要影响,表明在不同条件下中心动脉压保持不变。通过过度通气诱导的呼吸性碱中毒,每个受试者均出现脑低灌注。 在基线仰卧位(p<0.001)和早期站立位(p<0.03)观察到所有CBFv和氧合变量在条件间显著降低,表明过度通气期间急性出现低灌注状态。在低灌注状态下,从基线到站立早期,平均CBF没有显著差异,表明在站立初期脑血管灌注和氧合持续受损。平均CBFv从早期到中期逐渐升高(p<0.001),提示脑灌注开始恢复。

Fig. 3. - Cardiovascular response to standing during normal and reduced cerebral perfusion (mean, standard error). Data were time-normalized based on established upright posture at t=0 s. Binned summary statistics are reported in Table I. (CBFv: cerebral blood flow velocity; BP: arterial blood pressure; PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide).

正常和脑灌注减少时站立时的心血管反应

摇摆的差异与脑灌注的生理变化相当。压力反射反应通过体位转换期间立位血压降低来调节心率。压力反射敏感性随着年龄的增长而降低,并与自主神经功能障碍有关,包括直立性低血压。老年人的降压治疗需要评估直立性低血压的风险,并考虑脑灌注不足的风险。在CBFv和非血压测量中观察到早期和中期站立状态之间的显著差异,伴随着摆动幅度的差异。脑血管自动调节促进了站立后期CBFv的恢复,这反映在恢复的摆动动力学上。因此,结合血压数据,或直接测量CBFv或脑氧合,以及平衡控制的功能性测量,可以增加立位性低血压患者的诊断帮助和治疗效果。

在多关节运动模型的低灌注状态下,观察到上下躯干摆动运动学的差异。传统的身体片段分析需要在身体上放置许多光学标记,并使用多摄像机设置重建身体片段。该系统通过两个单独的唯一目标区分上下躯干运动,减轻了设置负载,减少了临床应用的障碍。此外,由于成像系统跟踪后部解剖标记,因此不需要记录面部信息或进行3D摆动分析,并且可以维护参与者或患者的隐私。本系统是一种经济有效、精确的定量姿势摆动跟踪的评价系统,可作为脑血管姿态评价的应用工具。

R. Amelard et al., "Monocular 3D Sway Tracking for Assessing Postural Instability in Cerebral Hypoperfusion During Quiet Standing," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

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    2022-04-10 bsmagic9140
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    2021-06-28 ms3882304424310386

    临床实用

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