患儿刚出院就又入院,甘露醇的这个副作用,千万要注意

2019-10-22 宋子芳 中国护理管理

患儿因病毒性脑炎治疗1周后出院,第2日却因精神差、嗜睡再次入院,其原因是什么?应该怎样处理

患儿因病毒性脑炎治疗1周后出院,第2日却因精神差、嗜睡再次入院,其原因是什么?应该怎样处理?看看下面的内容~

案例介绍

患儿,男,9岁,因"精神差,嗜睡1天"于2019/07/07  21:35以"精神差、嗜睡原因待查 病毒性脑炎?颅脑病变?"收入院。

现病史:患儿1天来无明显原因出现精神差、嗜睡,体温波动在35.0-35.9℃之间,无寒战、抽搐,无头痛、头晕,无视物模糊、复视,无心慌、胸闷、心悸,无意识及肢体活动障碍,无呕吐、腹泻,在当地诊所测血糖5.0mmol/L,血压95/79mmHg,未做其他特殊处理,症状无缓解。入院时,患儿神志清,精神差,进食差,睡眠增多,大小便无异常。

既往史:2019/06/30至07/06,患儿因病毒性脑炎在我院住院治疗。

查体:T 35.9℃、P 80次/分、R 19次/分、BP 101/58mmHg,神志清,精神差,全身皮肤粘膜无黄染、皮疹,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大。眼耳鼻无异常。咽部稍充血,扁桃体无肿大。颈软,三凹征阴性,双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及明显干湿啰音。心律齐,心音有力,无杂音。腹部软,无压痛、反跳痛,肝脾未及,肠鸣音存在,四肢活动自如,双侧巴氏征阳性。

入院后给予降颅压对症支持治疗,并完善相关辅助检查。急查电解质示血钠129.3mmol/L,具体治疗护理过程及转归如下:



本案例中,患儿嗜睡、精神差、巴氏征阳性背后的原因是什么?

案例分析

1. 急性病毒性脑炎

急性病毒性脑炎是小儿时期常见的中枢神经系统感染性疾病。病毒性脑炎所致的脑水肿、颅内压增高主要为脑实质水肿,这种水肿是混合性、血管源性和细胞毒性的。20%甘露醇是防止和治疗颅内压增高发展到失代偿段的第一线脱水利尿药物,要求在30 min内静脉推注或静脉滴注。

2. 甘露醇的利尿原理

甘露醇的利尿作用有两个方面:①甘露醇可扩张肾小球入球小动脉,使肾血流量增加,肾小球滤过率增加;②该药经肾小球滤过,几乎不被肾小管再吸收,在近曲小管形成高渗透压,抑制钠和水的重吸收而引起利尿。然而,长期大量使用甘露醇时,可以发生低钠血症,引起电解质紊乱。

本案例中,患儿因病毒性脑炎在我院接受治疗1周,期间输注甘露醇。大部分时间,我们都是观察输注过程中或输注后患儿头痛减轻情况和穿刺部位有无外渗、疼痛以及患儿跌倒风险,却忽略了长期大量使用该药可引发低钠血症。该患儿病毒性脑炎治愈后出院,第二天又再次入院,急查电解质发现,患儿血钠129.3mmol/L,低于正常水平(135~145mmol/L),发生了低钠血症。

3. 低钠血症的临床表现

低钠血症的临床表现与血钠降低的程度及速度有关。

轻度低钠血症或低钠发生缓慢时症状不明显,易被忽视,一般症状包括乏力、易激惹、恶心、呕吐等,还可表现为神经肌肉应激性低下,肌张力下降、腔反射消失、心音低钝及腹胀等。

低钠血症伴脱水(低渗性脱水)时可发生较严重的脱水症状,甚至休克。低钠伴细胞外液容量过多时,表现为外周水肿、体质量增加、尿量减少,水中毒严重时可发生肺水肿。

严重低钠血症和迅速发生的低钠血症(特别是超过0.5mmol/L/h)将发生细胞内水肿和脑细胞水肿。血渗透压越低,脑水肿症状越重。血清钠<120 mmol/L时,出现表情淡漠、嗜睡、恶心、呕吐、肌颤、抽搐等;血清钠<115 mmol/L时,反射减弱、肌无力、假性麻痹、巴氏征阳性、惊厥或昏迷等。

血清钠在24 h内降至120 mmol/L以下时可导致死亡,颅内疾患合并低钠血症出现神经系统症状易与原发病症状混淆。

由此可以发现,正是低钠血症的发生,导致患儿精神差、嗜睡、巴氏征阳性等表现。

经验总结

1. 适当吃咸,关注电解质情况

长期大量输注甘露醇易发生低钠血症,我们在宣教时让患儿适量吃咸,同时关注患儿电解质的结果,根据病情及电解质情况补液,出院前复查电解质。

2. 密切监测病情变化,科学补钠

密切观察病情变化。低钠血症症状根据低血钠程度和发展速度而不同,当48h 内血清钠浓度低于125~130 mmol/L时,最早出现的症状是恶心、呕吐、不适等,当低于115~120mmol/L时就会出现头痛、嗜睡,最终出现抽搐、昏迷和呼吸困难。责任护士应有风险意识,及时提醒医生监测血电解质,以尽早发现。

严密监测电解质,正确掌握补钠量及速度。

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    2019-10-27 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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    2019-10-26 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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    2019-10-22 145d5865m01暂无昵称

    学习了。

    0

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    2019-10-22 147612bem32暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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