Science:肥胖可怕?别怕,科学家们找到阻止它的“魔剪”技术

2018-12-15 符苏 生物探索

超重(overweight)和肥胖(obesity)一直是个威胁公众健康的大问题。但是,很多人并不想这样,特别是对于因为基因突变而引发肥胖症状的人而言,这很委屈。

超重(overweight)和肥胖(obesity)一直是个威胁公众健康的大问题。但是,很多人并不想这样,特别是对于因为基因突变而引发肥胖症状的人而言,这很委屈。

12月13日,《Science》期刊发表了一篇题为“CRISPR-mediated activation of a promoter or enhancer rescues obesity caused by haploinsufficiency”文章,揭示了一种逆转严重肥胖(severe obesity)的新招。

来自加州大学旧金山分校的科学家们改良了“魔剪”CRISPR技术,利用它提高调控饥饿的基因活性,最终实现了防止小鼠严重肥胖的目标。

更神奇的是,这一修改版的CRISPR系统并不会剪切DNA序列。

01、基因的一个拷贝“出问题”了

人类基因组中的每一个基因都有两个拷贝(分别遗传自双亲)。但是科学家们发现,迄今为止至少有660个基因(其中一个拷贝存在突变)会引发疾病,甚至于有一些是毁灭性的。

严重肥胖(severe obesity)也源于这种突变——SIM1或者MC4R都是调控饥饿和饱腹感的关键基因,一旦这两个基因的其中一个拷贝发生突变,则容易导致严重肥胖。

这是因为,突变的发生会导致其中一个拷贝无法发挥作用,剩余的另一个基因虽然能够良好运作,但是无法满足机体的需求,即合理控制食物的摄取,最终引发严重肥胖。

“我们认为,如果我们能够提高正常的那个基因拷贝的活跃度,让其功能加倍,那么就有可能阻止疾病的发生。”文章作者Nadav Ahituv教授解释道。

02、“魔剪”

如何实现这一设想呢?Nadav Ahituv团队将希望寄托于CRISPR技术。

他们改变了CRISPR,获得一个新版本——CRISPRa(a的意思是activation,激活)。

与传统的CRISPR不同,CRISPRa并不会剪切基因组。它保留有CRISPR的引导系统,能够靶向特定的DNA序列,但是CRISPRa系统用“控制旋钮”(control knob)取代了CRISPR的“分子剪刀”。

简单点讲,当CRISPRa发现目标,它会提高该目标基因的活性,并不会剪切它。

03、防止肥胖

“武器”改造好了,科学家们开始了真正的试验:

他们利用病毒传递系统将CRISPRa注入小鼠大脑中调控饥饿的区域,这一区域被人为改造过,SIM1或者MC4R基因只含有一个正常拷贝。

结果显示,接受CRISPRa治疗的小鼠表达出更多的SIM1或者MC4R,且水平与正常小鼠SIM1、MC4R表达水平相当。

更让研究团队惊喜的是,虽然突变小鼠的SIM1基因有一个拷贝有缺陷,但是在接受CRISPRa治疗(4周大的时候)后,小鼠的体重一直维持在健康水平。而反观那些未接受治疗的突变小鼠,它们的体重自6周大的时候就开始飙升,等长至第10周,已经属于严重肥胖了。

经CRISPRa治疗过的小鼠比对照小鼠体重轻30%-40%,且影响是长期的。这意味着,科学家们找到了长期控制体重、且不需要改变基因组序列的方法。

04、有望预防其他疾病

相比于传统的CRISPR,CRISPRa在治疗疾病的应用中表现出很大的优越性。

首先,即便同样有脱靶效应,CRISPRa似乎不太可能造成其他隐患,因为它不会永久性改变基因序列。

而且,已有研究表明,使用CRISPRa靶向启动子、增强子(调控基因何时、何地表达的非编码区基因),似乎能够防止脱靶效应。

研究人员还指出,CRISPRa可以用来治疗其他类型的基因疾病。“虽然这一最新的研究集中于肥胖,但是这一系统可以应用于其他由单个基因拷贝突变引发的疾病。我们的方法展示了针对多种疾病的治疗潜力。”Nadav Ahituv解释道。

原始出处:
Navneet Matharu, Sawitree Rattanasopha, Serena Tamura, et al. CRISPR-mediated activation of a promoter or enhancer rescues obesity caused by haploinsufficiency. Science. Dec 2018.



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    2018-12-17 jichang
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683451, encodeId=928416834514f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a576102854fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#魔剪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102854, encryptionId=a576102854fe, topicName=魔剪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Thu May 16 05:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375897, encodeId=a20213e58970d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Mon Dec 17 02:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355553, encodeId=92a235555329, content=了解一下谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sun Dec 16 10:23:59 CST 2018, time=2018-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355517, encodeId=bdbd35551e1a, content=肥胖治疗新思路,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/icyLhIGqru6gIknBJqfuPhRvIvBCic3jbz4PVDcMREDl6iaWw7opPo99JEXWc0tmIrGaXGPP0y58DKDiajZfV2qR3qXdCgwIyhVq/0, createdBy=d71a1955931, createdName=QFXL123456, createdTime=Sun Dec 16 00:14:15 CST 2018, time=2018-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355494, encodeId=09de355494ae, content=向肥胖挑战, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/1C181A3C7E501D68FB3D1969068F0595/100, createdBy=3e1d2404194, createdName=汪汪“~, createdTime=Sat Dec 15 16:06:25 CST 2018, time=2018-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355488, encodeId=6b4b355488ef, content=副作用是什么, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bd52503999, createdName=124a5ec0m52暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Dec 15 13:25:54 CST 2018, time=2018-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-16 kafei

    了解一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-12-16 QFXL123456

    肥胖治疗新思路,学习了

    0

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    2018-12-15 汪汪“~

    向肥胖挑战

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    2018-12-15 124a5ec0m52暂无昵称

    副作用是什么

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