立体定向辅助下脑内微小病灶切除1例并文献复习

2019-01-09 石瑞成 包文平 侯晓峰 医药前沿

患者,男,22岁,主因“发作小抽搐”入院,呈癫痫大发作状态。抽搐发作状态缓解后,患者出现语言不利,定向力及认知障碍等表现。头MRI示:右额叶占位性病变,位于中央前回,病变大小,约1 cm×1 cm×1 cm,类圆形,长T1长T2信号,周围可见低信号环,考虑为海绵状血管瘤。入院后行长程视频脑电监测,确定癫痫灶在左额部。

通常情况下,脑内微小病灶具有较强的隐匿性,特别是位于功能区附近皮质下面的病变,在进行手术切除的过程中很难将其发现。对病变进行寻找很容易将功能区的组织损伤,促使患者术后出现神经功能缺损的现象。立体定向辅助下脑内微小病灶切除术则能够将功能区有效避开,手术过程中采用的是最短径路入路方式,有利于将微小病灶安全切除。其次,立体定向辅助下脑内微小病灶切除术还具有精确定位的优点,可以避免患者因为紧张或者疼痛产生血压升高的现象,进而造成颅内压升高或者脑膨出现象,有利于确保手术的顺利进行。本研究的主要目的在于探究立体定向辅助下脑内微小病灶切除的临床应用效果,选取我院1例患者为研究对象,具体研究结果总结如下。
 
1.临床资料
 
1.1一般资料
 
患者,男,22岁,主因“发作小抽搐”入院,呈癫痫大发作状态。抽搐发作状态缓解后,患者出现语言不利,定向力及认知障碍等表现。头MRI示:右额叶占位性病变,位于中央前回,病变大小,约1 cm×1 cm×1 cm,类圆形,长T1长T2信号,周围可见低信号环,考虑为海绵状血管瘤。入院后行长程视频脑电监测,确定癫痫灶在左额部。
 
1.2手术方法
 
手术方式采用立体定向辅助下脑内病灶切除。立体定向头架采用Leksell-G型立体定向系统。术前先安装立体定向头架,CT室扫描定位,计算出X、Y、Z值。入手术室,按照计算出X、Y、Z值,安装立体定向弓形臂,用穿刺针确定肿瘤在头皮表面的体表投影,画出手术切口。开颅后按照立体定向所指引的方向,显微镜下分离脑沟进入脑内,见1 cm×1 cm×1 cm大小紫红色病灶,将病灶完整切除。
 
2.结果
 
术后第一日,患者明显感觉头脑清醒,语言流利,定向力及认知障碍明显好转。术后一周复查长程视频脑电,癫痫波消失。术后病理诊断为海绵状血管瘤。术后继续口服抗癫痫药物1月后停用抗癫痫药,随诊1年癫痫未再发生。
 
3.讨论
 
脑功能区的病变,往往会出现不同程度的视神经功能障碍及癫痫发作。手术切除病灶,最大程度减少对功能区神经组织及血管的损伤,避免加重神经功能障碍,是手术的关键。对于脑内功能区微小病灶的切除,更具有一定挑战性。首先要精确定位找到病灶,然后才能利用显微神经外科技术切除病灶。脑内海绵状血管瘤,由于其体积微小,部位深等特点,采用传统手术治疗方法进入脑组织后,容易迷失方向,病灶定位困难,盲目探查容易造成周围组织的损伤,引起不同程度的神经功能障碍。
 
除此之外,传统手术还容易促使患者术后出现感觉障碍以及肢体运动功能等障碍,这会对其日后正常生活造成严重影响,并会在很大程度上将其生活质量降低。随着医学技术的不断进步与研究的不断深入,临床上对立体定向技术进行了广泛应用,这种手术方式在很大程度上避免了盲目探查造成的脑组织损害,最大程度减少手术副损伤。本例患者瘤体直径1.0 cm,符合立体定向开颅手术适应症。
 
近年来,神经导航技术的应用解决了解剖结构上定位和病灶的精确定位。我们采用立体定向技术、结合CT、MRI术前精确定位,术中以病变距皮层最近处切开皮层,显微镜下通过脑沟入路,由脑的自然间隙进入脑内,最大程度地保护功能区神经组织。神经外科的发展经历了最早的经典神经外科,显微神经外科、微创神经外科,发展至精准神经外科。
 
精准神经外科就是利用术中磁共振和功能神经导航技术,它是未来神经外科发展的方向,是现阶段神经外科发展的最新趋势。不管是术中运用神经导航系统、神经电生视仪,还是应用立体定向技术与显微神经外科技术相结合,均能准确定位病灶,最大程度的保护功能区神经组织及血管。精准神经外科的基本理念是因地制宜地利用现有成像设备,全面地评估患者病情并制订和实施精细、准确的手术计划。
 
相对于术中磁共振和神经导航技术来说,CT引导立体定向技术要求不高,设备简单,操作简便,可在大多数神经外科专科医院开展,且系统误差较小。通过本例患者的手术,我们体会到,立体定向辅助下精确定位,显微镜下由脑沟入路切除功能区病灶,不会加重临床症状,而且可以改善由于病灶刺激和压迫导致的功能下降,避免盲目探查造成脑组织损害,最大程度的减少了手术并发症。综上所述,立体定向辅助下脑内微小病灶切除的临床应用效果显著,有良好的应用价值。


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    2019-06-17 liao1632
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    2019-01-09 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0