内镜下治疗腰椎间盘脱出合并邻近节段黄韧带囊肿1例

2019-11-19 于江涛 陶志强 范少勇 中国矫形外科杂志

患者,男,74岁;主诉因“腰痛及右下肢麻胀痛4个月余,加重1周”入院。专科检查:L3/4棘突旁压痛阳性,右小腿内外侧感觉稍减退,四肢肌力正常,右直腿抬高试验30°(+),双侧膝腱、跟腱反射正常,病理反射未引出。术前腰腿疼痛视觉模拟评分7分。辅助检查:MRI显示:L4/5椎间盘向右后上方脱出及L3椎管右后方肿物(图1a)。入院诊断:(1)腰椎管狭窄症;(2)L4/5椎间盘脱出症;(3)L3硬膜外椎管

经皮脊柱内镜技术已广泛应用于治疗各种类型腰椎间盘突出症以及腰椎管狭窄症等的治疗;腰椎黄韧带囊肿由于发病率极低,经皮脊柱内镜技术治疗腰椎黄韧带囊肿未检索到相关报道。近期本院骨十科收住腰椎间盘脱出合并邻近节段黄韧带囊肿患者1例,应用单切口脊柱内镜技术经椎板间入路治疗,取得满意效果。现报道如下:

临床资料

患者,男,74岁;主诉因“腰痛及右下肢麻胀痛4个月余,加重1周”入院。专科检查:L3/4棘突旁压痛阳性,右小腿内外侧感觉稍减退,四肢肌力正常,右直腿抬高试验30°(+),双侧膝腱、跟腱反射正常,病理反射未引出。术前腰腿疼痛视觉模拟评分7分。辅助检查:MRI显示:L4/5椎间盘向右后上方脱出及L3椎管右后方肿物(图1a)。入院诊断:(1)腰椎管狭窄症;(2)L4/5椎间盘脱出症;(3)L3硬膜外椎管内占位,黄韧带囊肿可能性大。手术方式:单切口经皮椎板间镜下L4/5髓核摘除减压+L3椎管肿物摘除减压取检+射频消融纤维环热凝成形术。

手术方法

腰麻满意后,取俯卧位以增大椎板间隙,根据术前计划在骨性标志下,粗略体表定位于L4/5间隙;常规消毒、铺巾,根据体表定位取中线右旁开约2.5CM处定位针定位透视确认,确认后取L4/5间隙中线右旁开约0.5CM处做纵形约0.7CM皮肤切口,建立工作套筒,尖端抵达黄韧带后缘,透视定位,透视工作通道满意后,连接内镜系统,镜头对白合适后,置入工作通道,射频清理视野,见黄韧带后缘,蓝钳打开黄韧带,咬骨钳咬除部分黄韧带,磨钻磨除部分L4椎板,以扩窗,旋转推进工作通道进入椎管,去除部分黄韧带及外侧骨质显露L5神经根外缘,见脱出髓核,摘除脱出及椎间盘疏松髓核(留病检),探查有无残余髓核,射频消融纤维环成形,见神经无卡压,腰椎间盘脱出症手术结束。退出工作套筒,工作套筒按原切口向尾端倾斜建立工作通道,并透视定位,透视工作通道满意后,连接内镜系统,射频清理视野,见黄韧带后缘,蓝钳咬开黄韧带,咬骨钳逐步打开黄韧带并见黄韧带水平内有胶冻粘液样物质(图1c)(本次取活检未成功),清除肿物,见黄韧带周围无胶冻粘液样物质(图1d),故肿物完全摘除,神经卡压解除。术毕,退出工作套筒,缝合,无菌辅料包扎,安返病房。



术后处理

术后予以地塞米松等脱水消肿等对症处理,术后第1d腰腿疼痛视觉模拟评分1分;佩戴腰围适当下地活动,并指导功能锻炼,复查腰椎MRI(图1e、f)。术后随访第4个月至今腰腿疼痛视觉模拟评分0分。

讨论

黄韧带囊肿是一种罕见的椎管内良性占位的退变性病变。该疾病好发于中老年人,颈椎、胸椎及腰椎皆可发生,但以下腰椎最为常见。该病起病常较缓慢,临床上并无特征性症状,一般表现为下腰背痛;当黄韧带囊肿对神经根或硬膜囊产生压迫时,才出现相应临床表现(如神经根性疼痛)。本病例合并相邻节段腰椎间盘脱出症,右侧L4/5神经根同时出现相应症状。

临床上常需与滑膜囊肿、腱鞘囊肿等椎管内囊肿相鉴别。MRI影像学上常表现为边界清楚的肿物。滑膜囊肿MRI影像学上可见位于黄韧带区域外,且常与关节突关节相通。腱鞘囊肿MRI影像学上可见位于黄韧带区域外,且邻近关节突关节但不相通。而黄韧带囊肿在MRI影像学上位于黄韧带区域,T1加权像通常表现为低信号,可出现变异情况;T2加权像通常表现为高信号。相关研究发现结核性韧带囊肿位于黄韧带区域,但有骨质破坏表现。MRI是鉴别诊断和初步诊断的关键,确诊需进一步的病理检查。本病例的影像学符合典型MRI影像学表现。

目前,手术完全切除囊肿减压是治疗脊柱黄韧带囊肿最有效的方法。脊柱黄韧带囊肿一般行开放手术摘除减压。随着微创技术的发展,可以对软性组织及骨性组织进行处理减压。Kim等利用内窥镜成功对结核性韧带囊肿摘除减压。内镜下治疗具有微创、手术时间短、恢复快等优势。应用此技术治疗和进一步确诊此类疾病,可能需要调整水压,再连带部分黄韧带一起带出等其他方法,以取出活检。多节段的神经根压迫,从而导致不同的相应根性症状。本病例既有腰椎间盘向上游离脱出,又有邻近节段黄韧带囊肿,并都对神经根致压。对于单纯的腰椎间盘向上游离脱出可以选择椎间孔入路或椎板间入路脊柱内镜治疗。选择脊柱内镜治疗的几种可能方式:第一种是双切口椎间孔入路,此入路需进行椎间孔成形术,既增加手术时间,又增加X线辐射量,与此同时,作者认为囊肿是否已完全切除,椎间孔入路很难把握或完全清除囊肿对关节的破坏,故不宜采用椎间孔入路;第二种是双切口椎板间入路,黄韧带视野更清楚,可以对黄韧带全层切除,对黄韧带囊肿是否完全切除有更好的判断,具有可行性;第三种是单切口椎板间入路,可以对双节段进行处理,具有更微创、更美观的优势,但对操作医师技术要求高。本病例选择第三种手术方式,取得满意效果。总之,脊柱内镜作为一种工具,提供一种微创思路,解决临床问题。可供临床医师借鉴。

原始出处:

于江涛,陶志强,范少勇.内镜下治疗腰椎间盘脱出合并邻近节段黄韧带囊肿1例[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2019,27(19):1823-1824.

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    2020-04-26 drwjr
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