BMJ:已明确!一级亲属患大肠息肉,肠癌发病风险上升6成!

2021-05-14 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

作为全国最高发的肿瘤之一,结直肠癌每年导致全国约19万人失去生命。

作为全国最高发的肿瘤之一,结直肠癌每年导致全国约19万人失去生命。

其实,结直肠癌从癌前病变到发展成癌一般需要5~10年,而且早期肠癌预后良好,Ⅰ期结直肠癌的5 年生存率可达90%。但多数结直肠癌发现时已是中晚期,预后较差,其中Ⅳ期结直肠癌5 年生存率只有14%

 因此有效界定结直肠癌的高危人群和早期筛查一直是结直肠癌防治的重中之重。

 

根据我国最新的结直肠癌筛查指南,结直肠癌高危人群明确有以下几类:

  • 1、一级亲属有结直肠癌病史;

  • 2、本人有结直肠癌病史;

  • 3、本人有肠道腺瘤病史;

  • 4、本人长期患有炎症性肠病;

  • 5、本人粪便潜血试验阳性。

一级亲属有结直肠息肉的人群是否也属于高危群体,一直是学术界争议的问题。

美国指南推荐有进展期息肉家族史的人群需要尽早进行结直肠癌的筛查;英国学界则认为单纯的肠息肉家族史并不是结直肠癌的高危因素。

另外,有肠息肉家族史的人群是否更容易患早发型结直肠癌(发病时小于50岁)也是饱受关注的问题,因为国际上现行的多数指南规定,普通人群开始结直肠癌筛查的起始年龄是50岁。如果这些人群容易患早发型结直肠癌,则将有力地推动各国指南的更新。

最近,国际顶级医学期刊《英国医学杂志(BMJ)》发表了一项来自瑞典的大型回顾性临床研究,该研究系统地对上述问题进行了分析总结,并得出了明确的结论:即便没有结直肠癌家族史,一级亲属中有大肠息肉的人群也更易被结直肠癌“青睐”!

这项研究纳入了瑞典全国范围的病例共计401813例,其中结直肠癌病例68060例,对照组333753例。对这些人群的一级亲属(父母和兄弟姐妹)的肠息肉病史和/或结直肠癌病史进行了系统分析后发现,在校正了相关干扰因素后,一级亲属的肠息肉病史依然是结直肠癌的高危因素!

首先,该研究发现,一级亲属的结直肠息肉病史使结直肠癌发病风险上升了62%,在校正干扰因素后依然上升了40%。

息肉的病理类型是关键的影响因素:一级亲属增生性息肉,本人肠癌发病风险上升23%;无柄锯齿状息肉使风险上升27%;管状腺瘤使风险上升39%;绒毛状腺瘤使风险升高40%;而管状绒毛状腺瘤风险最高,上升了44%。

一级亲属中患结直肠息肉的人数也是重要的指标:仅一人患结直肠息肉的,发病风险是普通人群的1.38倍;有两名及以上一级亲属患有肠息肉的,发病风险就会升高至1.70倍。

此外,亲属查出息肉时的年龄也会影响结直肠癌的发病风险:亲属小于50岁就诊断出肠息肉的,其发病风险高达常人的1.77倍;而当年龄为大于70岁时,其发病风险就降到了1.29倍。

                    一级亲属息肉类型与结直肠癌发病风险

另外,该研究还进一步联合分析了一级亲属患肠息肉的人数和年龄,发病风险与人数依然呈正相关,而与年龄呈现更明显的负相关。

在仅有一位一级亲属患有肠息肉的前提下,如果亲属的诊断年龄超过60岁,本人结直肠癌发病风险是常人的1.33倍;而当亲属诊断年龄低于60岁时,风险就升至1.51倍。当有两位及以上的一级亲属有肠息肉时,亲属最年轻者年纪低于60岁的,风险升至最高,达1.82倍。

           患肠息肉一级亲属的数量和年龄与结直肠癌发病风险

该研究进一步联合分析了肠息肉家族史和结直肠癌家族史对结直肠癌风险的影响。当有2位及以上的一级亲属有肠息肉,但无肠癌家族史时,本人的肠癌发病风险升高至1.79倍;当有一位一级亲属患有肠癌,但无肠息肉家族史时,发病风险为1.70倍。可见两者相差并不悬殊。

但当两位及以上的一级亲属同时有肠息肉和肠癌病史时,发病风险骤升达5.00倍,这其中,早发型结直肠癌的风险甚至高达常人的16.57倍!其实,当有2位及以上的一级亲属有肠息肉病史时,本人患早发型结直肠癌的风险就是常人的3.34倍。

                 肠息肉家族史与早发型结直肠癌发病风险

综合以上结果,该研究最终得出,在没有肠癌家族史的情况下,单纯的肠息肉家族史也是结直肠癌,尤其是早发型结直肠癌的危险因素。

建议这些人群从40岁开始就接受结直肠癌筛查,主要是结肠镜检查和粪便潜血实验。早期的结肠镜检查可以降低56%的发病风险和57%的死亡风险。

免疫法粪便潜血试验对筛检结直肠癌也有高达83%的灵敏度,也是较好的检查手段,但对癌前病变的灵敏度只有36%。作为补充,结肠CT检查对癌前病变的灵敏度达88%,可用于无法进行结肠镜检查的患者。    

                 结肠镜检查

   所以,如果有家人得了肠息肉,本人需尽早进行结直肠癌的风险评估和筛查。

参考文献:

Song MY, et al.Risk of colorectal cancer in first degree relatives of patients with colorectal polyps:nationwide case-control study in Sweden.BMJ.2021 May 4;373:n877. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n877.

 

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849256, encodeId=3da11849256f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Mon Nov 22 19:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1799899, encodeId=094d1e9989982, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e3fe127909' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌发病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71279, encryptionId=9e3fe127909, topicName=癌发病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2c92500045, createdName=12498636m49(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Sep 22 07:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585526, encodeId=3737158552665, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2320193980a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#一级亲属#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19398, encryptionId=2320193980a, topicName=一级亲属)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3c6d17222039, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Sun May 16 09:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965818, encodeId=8a5c96581801, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210128/d719c5a457e640d88a16efd137890639/57d598105aeb4783b9073e2f13733562.jpg, createdBy=73dc5434031, createdName=ms3000000503829460, createdTime=Sat May 15 12:51:05 CST 2021, time=2021-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965650, encodeId=ea16965650cf, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/dccd6a45c3b140ec99972fd01118c709/8ad2e0adb86c43f6881478af5c7f32d5.jpg, createdBy=28c55256344, createdName=老大208, createdTime=Fri May 14 19:38:26 CST 2021, time=2021-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965648, encodeId=e702965648da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=851b528e07f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#息肉#</a>看来与遗传有关, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52870, encryptionId=851b528e07f, topicName=息肉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Fri May 14 19:36:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-15 ms3000000503829460

    学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849256, encodeId=3da11849256f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Mon Nov 22 19:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1799899, encodeId=094d1e9989982, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e3fe127909' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌发病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71279, encryptionId=9e3fe127909, topicName=癌发病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2c92500045, createdName=12498636m49(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Sep 22 07:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585526, encodeId=3737158552665, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2320193980a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#一级亲属#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19398, encryptionId=2320193980a, topicName=一级亲属)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3c6d17222039, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Sun May 16 09:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965818, encodeId=8a5c96581801, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210128/d719c5a457e640d88a16efd137890639/57d598105aeb4783b9073e2f13733562.jpg, createdBy=73dc5434031, createdName=ms3000000503829460, createdTime=Sat May 15 12:51:05 CST 2021, time=2021-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965650, encodeId=ea16965650cf, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/dccd6a45c3b140ec99972fd01118c709/8ad2e0adb86c43f6881478af5c7f32d5.jpg, createdBy=28c55256344, createdName=老大208, createdTime=Fri May 14 19:38:26 CST 2021, time=2021-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965648, encodeId=e702965648da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=851b528e07f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#息肉#</a>看来与遗传有关, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52870, encryptionId=851b528e07f, topicName=息肉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Fri May 14 19:36:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-14 老大208

    学习了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849256, encodeId=3da11849256f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Mon Nov 22 19:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1799899, encodeId=094d1e9989982, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e3fe127909' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌发病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71279, encryptionId=9e3fe127909, topicName=癌发病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2c92500045, createdName=12498636m49(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Sep 22 07:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585526, encodeId=3737158552665, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2320193980a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#一级亲属#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19398, encryptionId=2320193980a, topicName=一级亲属)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3c6d17222039, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Sun May 16 09:06:56 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965818, encodeId=8a5c96581801, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210128/d719c5a457e640d88a16efd137890639/57d598105aeb4783b9073e2f13733562.jpg, createdBy=73dc5434031, createdName=ms3000000503829460, createdTime=Sat May 15 12:51:05 CST 2021, time=2021-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965650, encodeId=ea16965650cf, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/dccd6a45c3b140ec99972fd01118c709/8ad2e0adb86c43f6881478af5c7f32d5.jpg, createdBy=28c55256344, createdName=老大208, createdTime=Fri May 14 19:38:26 CST 2021, time=2021-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=965648, encodeId=e702965648da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=851b528e07f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#息肉#</a>看来与遗传有关, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52870, encryptionId=851b528e07f, topicName=息肉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Fri May 14 19:36:11 CST 2021, time=2021-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-14 小小医者

    #息肉#看来与遗传有关

    0