合并双侧颈内动脉及一侧椎动脉闭塞患者不停跳冠状动脉旁路血管移植术麻醉管理一例

2020-01-15 韩文勇 郭莹莹 于丽云 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,64岁,170 cm,75kg。因发作性胸痛7年,加重2d入院。患者7年前劳累后胸痛,诊断为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病,3支病变。植入前降支支架1枚。2年前再次发作胸痛,造影示左主干50%狭窄;支架内狭窄最重90%;右冠状动脉近端闭塞。检查同时发现一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄,另一侧闭塞;患者要求保守治疗。胸痛间断发作,含服硝酸甘油3~5min可缓解。2d前胸痛加重,夜间睡眠亦间断发作,不能缓解。

患者,男,64岁,170 cm,75kg。因发作性胸痛7年,加重2d入院。患者7年前劳累后胸痛,诊断为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病,3支病变。植入前降支支架1枚。2年前再次发作胸痛,造影示左主干50%狭窄;支架内狭窄最重90%;右冠状动脉近端闭塞。检查同时发现一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄,另一侧闭塞;患者要求保守治疗。胸痛间断发作,含服硝酸甘油3~5min可缓解。2d前胸痛加重,夜间睡眠亦间断发作,不能缓解。急诊以“冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病,不稳定性心绞痛,双颈内动脉重度狭窄”转入我院。
 
患者高血压20年,最高160/100mmHg,未规范治疗;脑梗死病史20年,无后遗症;高脂血症7年;下肢动脉硬化闭塞症5年;颈内动脉重度狭窄2年。查体:体温36.5℃,HR 70次/分,RR 16次/分,BP 115/75mmHg,一般情况好。
 
辅助检查:血红蛋白14.8g/L,Hct 0.422,Plt 215×109/L;凝血:PT 10.9s,INR 0.99,Fib 2.37g/L,APTT 35.0s,D-二聚体0.02mg/L。BNP:409.5pg/ml,hs-cTn I 0.744ng/ml;余化验无异常;心电图:窦性心律,左心室肥大,陈旧性下壁梗死;UGG.LVEF:47%,节段性室壁运动异常,左心增大伴功能减低。
 
血管超声:右颈内动脉闭塞,左颈内动脉近段低流速高阻改变。颈动脉造影双侧颈内动脉、右侧椎动脉闭塞。下肢血管超声:双下肢动脉多发斑块,左股浅动脉近段多发狭窄。冠脉造影:左主干近段不规则;前降支近段支架内不规整,远段外侧95%狭窄;回旋支开口95%狭窄;右冠脉近段弥漫性狭窄,最重99%,近中段100%闭塞。诊断:冠心病;不稳定心绞痛;冠状动脉支架植入术后;心功能Ⅱ级;高血压3级(极高危);高脂血症;脑梗塞;双侧颈内动脉闭塞。
 
拟实施不停跳冠状动脉旁路血管移植术。术前召集心内科、呼吸科、神经内、神经外科、ICU 会诊。术前1日放置主动脉内球囊反搏(Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation,IABP)。入手术室吸氧、监测、动静脉穿刺。全麻诱导阿片类药为主。气管插管接机械通气。开放中心静脉静吸复合维持。术中BIS 40~60。间断追加肌松、镇静。维持血压心率在靶目标。头部冰帽,维持脑氧饱和度(Regional Cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)70%~98%。术中瞳孔无变化。术中总入量3 100ml,尿量2 700ml、出血1 000ml。术后安返监护病房。
 
术后第1天拔除气管插管,拔管后8h撤除主动脉球囊反搏。术后第6天转回普通病房,术后第12天出院。
 
讨论 
 
冠心病和颈动脉狭窄属于同源性疾病。冠状动脉粥样硬化合并颈动脉狭窄发生率3%~22%,颈动脉狭窄是围术期脑卒中和死亡的重要原因之一。CABG术后脑卒中30%与颈动脉狭窄经历显著的血流动力学波动有关。双侧颈动脉高度狭窄或闭塞脑卒中发生率可达20%以上。双颈内动脉和一侧椎动脉同时发生严重病变的心脏手术病例罕见。严重颈动脉狭窄的冠心病患者,多采用分期或同期颈动脉内膜剥脱术或介入手术。
 
本例患者期望解决冠脉问题,监护和维持脑功能是难点。术前评估及多科室协作很关键,麻醉须兼顾心肌氧供需平衡,降低心肌应激、结合心脏耐受能力,综合日常血压动态监测结果维持稍高的平均动脉压。维持术中PaCO2在正常范围,保证脑灌注尽早评估术后神经功能。
 
本例患者围术期风险高,手术麻醉面临极大的挑战。在医患充分沟通基础上,从计划到实施麻醉行个体化处理。重点对患者术前血压、心率进行48h连续监测,分析有意义数据。作为术中血压、心率调控的参考。确定术中血压目标110~140/70~90mmHg。术前经颅多普勒(Transcranial doppler ultrasound,TCD)检查脑血管侧枝循环。患者良好转归与双侧颈内动脉闭塞后侧支形成,术前多学科会诊以及提前放置主动脉球囊反搏等提升安全措施有关。rSO2正常值为55%~75%。连续rSO2监测可以减少术后脑卒中。维持rSO2 80%以上,能够有效减少术后神经并发症发生。
 
本例患者术中rSO2维持78%~98%。术中操作避免头过偏及用力触压颈动脉,减少斑块脱落。合并脑血管闭塞的不停跳心脏旁路血管移植术的麻醉管理要维持心脑氧供需平衡,力求BP、HR波动不超过基础值的90%—110%。缩短手术时间,加强手术麻醉配合。关注细节。降低脑氧代谢率提高脑氧供是脑保护基石,头部冰帽降温被广泛应用。常用于脑复苏,在缺乏有效的方法情况下经多科室协商在手术期间予患者头部冰帽降温,作为该罕见病例的脑保护尝试。
 
综上所述,本患者虽然存在严重的脑血管问题,但通过多科室协作,认真准备。严密监测处理,加强脑保护。最终冠状动脉手术转归良好。
 
原始出处:

韩文勇,郭莹莹,于丽云,李霞,孙立智.合并双侧颈内动脉及一侧椎动脉闭塞患者不停跳冠状动脉旁路血管移植术麻醉管理一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(01):98-99.

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