Nat Biotechnol :十年监测发现,更安全基因治疗载体AAV,竟有潜在致癌性

2020-11-20 生物世界 Bio生物世界

在治疗后长达十年的观测,研究团队发现AAV病毒携带的治疗性基因片段有些被整合到了狗的染色体上控制生长的基因附近,有诱发癌症的可能性。

近年来,基因治疗领域取得了重大的突破,2017年底,著名基因治疗公司Spark Therapeutics开发的Luxturna疗法获得美国食品药品监督管理FDA批准上市,成为首款在美国获批的“体内给药型”基因疗法,开创了基因疗法的新篇章。

2019年,诺华公司研发的Zolgensma疗法获得FDA批准上市,用于治疗脊髓性肌肉萎缩症(SMA),同时也成为史上最贵药物,Zolgensma一次治疗费用为210万美元,折合人民币1500万。

然而,如此天价数字,却让我们不禁深思:有多少人承受得起治疗费用,基因治疗真的值这个价吗?它是否具有“化腐朽为神奇”的功效?它会不会有副作用?

国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 子刊 Nature Biotechnology 杂志发表了一篇题为:A long-term study of AAV gene therapy in dogs with hemophilia A identifies clonal expansions of transduced liver cells 的研究论文。

该研究对患有A型血友病的狗进行的AAV病毒基因治疗试验,效果明显,在治疗后长达十年的观测,研究团队发现AAV病毒携带的治疗性基因片段有些被整合到了狗的染色体上控制生长的基因附近,有诱发癌症的可能性。

这项研究打破了AAV病毒载体安全的神话,提示了需要对AAV基因治疗的潜在遗传毒性进行长期监测。

该研究中,共有9只经AAV治疗的患有A型血友病的狗,其中7只狗在治疗后成功稳定产生凝血因子Ⅷ。这似乎是一个令人振奋的消息,然而,其中2只狗血液中凝血因子Ⅷ的含量在3年后仍在上升,而到了第7-8年后,便达到了最初水平的4倍左右。

进一步检测发现,在其中6只接受治疗的狗的肝脏组织中发现了1741个独立的AAV整合事件,其中44%的整合位点在参与细胞生长的基因附近。

此外,有5只狗的某些肝脏细胞分裂得比其他细胞更快,并形成子细胞团块,存在扩增的细胞克隆。

因此,研究团队怀疑这些整合激活了生长相关基因,使得这些肝脏细胞更为快速地分裂,这也解释了为什么那2只狗血液中凝血因子Ⅷ水平持续上升。

腺相关病毒——AAV

腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)是目前发现的一类结构最简单的单链DNA缺陷型病毒。而重组腺相关病毒载体(rAAV)源于非致病的野生型腺相关病毒,具有安全性好、宿主细胞范围广和在体内表达时间长等特点,目前的科学界共识是AAV不会导致任何人类疾病,因此成为目前最有前景的基因治疗载体。

AAV基因疗法通过AAV病毒将治疗性基因输送到特定的组织和器官中,这些治疗性基因在这些非分裂细胞中以游离体形式稳定存在并表达,从而有效治疗单基因遗传病,例如血友病、家族性渐冻症等。

目前全世界已有数百项使用重组AAV载体的基因治疗临床试验,也已有两项AAV疗法被FDA批准上市,AAV这个被认为是最有前景的基因治疗载体风光无限,高歌猛进。

是福是祸?

近年来不断有研究表明AVV可将外源基因片段插入到染色体上,这是否会影响细胞增殖凋亡等功能,并最终导致癌变,正是科学家们一直担忧的事情。

对于这项最新研究发现,美国国家人类基因组研究所基因治疗研究员Charles Venditti表示“这些新数据既是好消息也是坏消息”——基因整合到染色体上而不是呈游离状态,说明其治疗效果会更持久。

加拿大女王大学的David Lillicrap也说道:“AAV确实发生了整合,但也使得疗效更好更持久”。而关于AAV载体的这种整合是否会造成癌症风险,他表示:“我们知道的还不够多。”

事实上,早期的一些基因治疗方法,正是采取将治疗性基因整合到染色体上的策略,例如早期的逆转录病毒疗法,然而这种方案因极易引起癌症而被束之高阁。与之相比,AAV病毒主要以游离体形式存在于非分裂的成熟细胞中,被认为是更安全的选择。

近20年来,科学界对AVV基因疗法安全性的怀疑从未停止。先前已有研究发现:在新生小鼠体内注入高剂量的AAV病毒后,它可以将其遗传物质整合到动物的DNA中,最终导致肝癌的发生。但许多基因治疗专家仍然认为,在新生小鼠身上的发现与人类成年人无关。

但是这项最新研究,正是在大型的、成年的患有A型血友病的狗中进行,这使得AAV基因治疗安全性问题再一次闯入科学家及公众的视野!

对此,科学家们却产生的不同的看法。即便,AAV基因治疗出现了纰漏,仍然由不少研究人员认为整合程度相对较低,这些狗的肝脏似乎很健康,没有出现肿瘤或肝功能异常的表现,并且它们的凝血因子Ⅷ的水平相对稳定。

然而,AAV整合现象是持续性的,在这种情况下,肝脏细胞获得快速分裂增殖的新突变并最终诱发肿瘤似乎只是时间问题。如果这些狗再活5年呢?是否会出现肿瘤?

总的来说,Denise Sabatino团队的这项研究在狗模型上证实了AAV基因疗法会将基因片段整合宿主细胞染色体上,尤其是整合在与细胞生长相关基因附近,并可能会诱发癌症。

基因治疗之殇

1999年,患有严重遗传病鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶缺乏症的18岁少年Jesse Gelsinger,在接受宾夕法尼亚大学人类基因治疗研究所所长Jim Wilson教授主导的腺病毒基因治疗临床试验后,发生严重免疫反应后死亡,成为第一个因基因治疗而死的人。

此后,美国FDA开始调查并严格审核基因治疗临床试验,当时基因治疗明星载体腺病毒也因此逐渐没落,整个基因治疗领域也因此开始了长达20年的沉寂。

经过近20年的沉寂,以更安全的AAV病毒载体为代表的基因治疗重新崛起。在基础科研、临床试验,以及商业化上均取得了非常大的成功。

然而,就在上个月,一名患有IIIA型粘多糖贮积症(MPS IIIA)的五岁小女孩在接受Lysogene公司的AAV基因治疗 II/III 期临床试验时去世,成为今年第四例在AAV基因治疗临床试验中去世的患者。

由于安全性高,AAV载体的基因治疗发展迅速,一路狂奔,然而今年连续4名患者在接受AAV基因治疗后死亡,这是否会给狂奔的基因治疗踩下刹车?

这项 Nature Biotechnology 论文更是提醒我们,之前认为非常安全的AAV病毒竟然有潜在致癌性,那么,AAV基因疗法甚至于基因治疗在安全性上是否存在致命缺陷?

如果,基因治疗在有效性和安全性上只能二选其一,该如何抉择?AAV病毒载体又将何去何从?

原始出处:
Giang N Nguyen, John K Everett, Samita Kafle, et al.A long-term study of AAV gene therapy in dogs with hemophilia A identifies clonal expansions of transduced liver cells.Nat Biotechnol. 2020 Nov 16. doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-0741-7.

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    2021-08-19 sunylz
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    2021-06-03 liye789132251
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    2020-12-23 cathymary
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1919172, encodeId=ad4919191e24c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Thu Aug 19 13:58:14 CST 2021, time=2021-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884801, encodeId=c6ca18848011d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Jun 03 23:58:14 CST 2021, time=2021-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1927746, encodeId=ebab192e74633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a59234e3b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biotech#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3473, encryptionId=a59234e3b4, topicName=Biotech)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=226a143, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Wed Dec 23 05:58:14 CST 2020, time=2020-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1645490, encodeId=7694164549026, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db329364360' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#载体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93643, encryptionId=db329364360, topicName=载体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=58cb23213384, createdName=mei539, createdTime=Tue May 11 15:58:14 CST 2021, time=2021-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1652449, encodeId=20351652449c0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13d01e24509' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TEC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17245, encryptionId=13d01e24509, topicName=TEC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=852f24292001, createdName=shock_melon, createdTime=Mon May 31 16:58:14 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271874, encodeId=522212e187472, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9fef169483' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AAV#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1694, encryptionId=9fef169483, topicName=AAV)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ba7103, createdName=xuqianhua, createdTime=Sun Nov 22 12:58:14 CST 2020, time=2020-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371014, encodeId=af1413e10145f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sun Nov 22 12:58:14 CST 2020, time=2020-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=900944, encodeId=453e9009440a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=131a85e347e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腺相关病毒#</a>已经最安全了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85734, encryptionId=131a85e347e, topicName=腺相关病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Nov 21 08:17:50 CST 2020, time=2020-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-11 mei539
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    2021-05-31 shock_melon
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    2020-11-22 xuqianhua
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    2020-11-22 jambiya
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    2020-11-21 lovetcm

    #腺相关病毒#已经最安全了

    0

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