肾移植术后孕妇心肾衰竭一例

2018-06-03 周寅 曲元 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,女,31岁,因“孕30+1周,胸闷、浮肿半月”急诊入院。

【一般资料】

患者,女,31岁

【主诉】

因“孕30+1周,胸闷、浮肿半月”急诊入院。

【现病史】

孕24周时,BP150/100mmHg,加用硝苯地平缓释片30mg,后改为氨氯地平5mg,孕28周时,BP160/100mmHg,自觉胸闷、浮肿,于当地医院测得BP180/120mmHg,尿蛋白+++,血清肌酐(Scr)240μmol/L,白蛋白(ALB)26.9g/L,脑钠肽(BNP)232pg/ml。患者2005年体检时发现血尿、蛋白尿,未治疗。2006年孕期BP升高至180/110mmHg,Scr360μmol/L,顺娩后Scr升高至800μmol/L,后于2008年行肾移植术。2011年因BP不高自行停用降压药,目前口服甲强龙、吗替麦考酚酯和他克莫司。

【体格检查】

BP163/106mmHg,HR88次/分,全身水肿,不能平卧。ECG示T波改变。超声心动图示左心射血分数(LVEF)73.2%、左房扩大、左室对称性肥厚、少量心包积液、胸腔积液。腹部B超示腹腔积液、双侧胸腔积液,移植肾轻度积水。

【辅助检查】

Hb108g/L,Plt139×109/L,ALB27.9g/L,Scr240μmol/L,K+4.26mmol/L,Na+129mmol/L,BNP449pg/ml;血气分析:pH7.31,PaCO224mmHg,HCO-315.1mmol/L,BE-12.7mmol/L。

【初步诊断

宫内孕30+1周,G4P1,未产,急性肾功能不全,肾移植术后,高血压3级极高危,慢高合并重度子痫前期,高血压性心脏病,心功能Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,胸腹腔积液,心包积液,代谢性酸中毒。

【治疗】

经全院会诊后决定入院第2天终止妊娠。入院后予呋塞米10mg。术前24h尿量900ml。术前予5%碳酸氢钠125ml纠正酸中毒,采用全麻,以丙泊酚和罗库溴铵诱导,胎儿娩出后持续予瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、氧化亚氮,间断予舒芬太尼维持麻醉,术中入量1100ml,尿量200ml,出血300ml,术后带气管导管转入监护室。分娩一活婴,体重1110g,Apgar评分1min2分,5min7分,10min9分,转入新生儿监护室。患者入监护室后分两次共予5%碳酸氢钠275ml纠正酸中毒,输注红细胞4U纠正贫血,白蛋白纠正低白蛋白血症,未利尿情况下患者尿量逐渐增多至3300~4500ml/d。术后第1天拔除气管导管,予氢化可的松50mg补充治疗,继续予甲强龙、吗替麦考酚酯,并逐步将他克莫司加量。术后患者Scr升高至273μmol/L,后逐渐下降至136μmol/L。患儿放弃治疗。本例患者随着妊娠终止,尿量增加,一般情况迅速好转,Scr也恢复至基本正常,血压稳定,出院。

【讨论】

慢性肾脏病妇女因尿素的毒性作用和激素紊乱面临不孕和高危妊娠的问题,而肾移植术后激素紊乱得到改善,给成功妊娠带来了希望。最常用Davison标准指导肾移植受体妊娠的选择。然而,肾移植后妊娠可能导致移植肾受损或丧失功能、早产和低出生体重。孕期母体最常见的并发症是高血压,孕期容量负荷增加是促使患者出现高血压最终出现心功能不全的原因之一。孕期推荐的降压药为α甲基多巴。此外,紧急降压时肼苯哒嗪、拉贝洛尔和硝苯地平均可应用。需要注意的是血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂因有致畸作用而不能应用。阿替洛尔因为可能导致胎儿发育迟缓也应避免使用。肾移植后需长期口服免疫抑制剂,孕前免疫抑制剂水平需降低,妊娠后需严密监测,调整药物用量(通常是增加)达到目标水平。霉酚酸和雷帕霉素因致畸作用,在妊娠期间禁用,可选用泼尼松、环孢素、硫唑嘌呤、他克莫司。肾移植后妊娠如果没有特殊情况出现,通常推荐自然分娩。如果移植肾功能正常,除了预防性应用抗生素和给予应激剂量的糖皮质激素外,麻醉管理与正常产妇相似。麻醉期间需要注意维持循环保证移植肾灌注,谨慎使用经肾排泄药物,避免使用肾毒性药物。应特别注意无菌原则,以减少感染。肾移植术后妊娠是高危妊娠,可能出现各种危险情况,需要多科团队协作、严密监测,才可能保证母婴安全,改善母婴结局。

原始出处:

周寅, 曲元. 肾移植术后孕妇心肾衰竭一例[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2017, 33(7):725-725.

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    2018-10-21 cy0324
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    2018-06-04 flysky120

    学到知识肾脏移植后的妊娠知识

    0

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    2018-06-04 易水河

    学习学习.不错

    0

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    2018-06-03 ysb-1971

    谢谢分享

    0

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