Nat Commun:闫威/唐运革联合研发出一种新型非激素类男性避孕药

2021-02-25 生物探索 生物探索

新型非激素类男性避孕药

避孕节育是人类繁衍永恒的话题,安全、有效、可逆的避孕方法是避免意外妊娠,提高生殖健康水平的重要手段,也是经济发展、国民健康和社会和谐的重大需求。非意愿性妊娠的比例在全球范围内任然居高不下。例如,全球每年约有8500万例非意愿性妊娠,中国占960万例,其中约一半是以人工流产为结局 。多次反复人工流产严重影响妇女的生殖与身心健康,已成为迫切的公共卫生问题。这些问题凸显现有的避孕方法还不能满足人们有效避孕的需求。虽然在全球范围内女性承担着约2/3的避孕节育任务,社会调查显示越来越多的男性愿意共同承担这种社会义务。然而,目前的男性避孕方法还仅局限于传统的体外射精、绝育手术和避孕套等,半个世纪以来男性避孕药物的研发进展十分有限,至今尚没有一种具有临床应用潜质的男性避孕药。

美国伦奎斯特研究所资深研究员,加州大学洛杉矶分校闫威教授早在2009年就提出把精子发生的单倍体期作为研发男性非激素类避孕药靶点的观点。在寻找能作用于精子组装后期关键蛋白的化合物中,从雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F, 图1A)中纯化出来的近百种化合物吸引了闫威教授的注意。雷公藤做为中药常用于治疗类风湿性关节炎、肾炎、红斑狼疮等。然而,在治疗疾病的过程人们发现长期服用引起男性不育,这引起了科研人员的关注,试图从雷公藤提取物中寻找“抗精子”成分。早期的测试主要是集中在雷公藤中含量较高的两种化合物:雷公藤内酯醇(Triptolide)雷公藤氯内酯醇(Tripchlorolide),但很快就发现这两种化合物具有严重的肝毒性和生育不可逆性 。闫威教授的课题组于2010年决定测试其他含量比较低的化合物,在2012年发现雷公藤内酯酮 (Triptonide)在雄鼠身上具有良好的避孕有效性和可逆性。为了进一步测试这个化合物在灵长类动物的有效性,闫威课题组与广东省计划生育科学技术研究所唐运革课题组展开了合作。

图1. (A):植物雷公藤。(B,C):停药后生育力恢复的雄鼠及雄食蟹猴的子

2021年2月23日, Nature Communications杂志发表了他们的合作成果:"Triptonide is a reversible non-hormonal male contraceptive agent in male mice and non-human primates” (http://www.nature.com/ncomms)。该研究报告了口服雷公藤内酯酮可以诱导雄鼠和雄食蟹猴精子畸形,使精子失去活动力和受精的能力,从而达到避孕。测试显示这种方法近乎100% 有效、无明显副作用,一旦停药,雄性的生育力可以完全恢复。研究还初步阐释了其作用靶点和避孕机制,认为雷公藤内酯酮是一种极具转化应用前景的非激素类男性避孕候选药。

本研究中,作者首先探讨了雷公藤内酯酮对雄性小鼠和食蟹猴的避孕有效性和长效性。雄性成年小鼠每日口服雷公藤内酯酮0.8 mg/kg(最低有效剂量)4周后,小鼠精子发生严重变形,失去活力,不能使有生育力雌性小鼠怀孕。雄性成年食蟹猴(9-13岁,4.96-11.8kg)每日口服雷公藤内酯酮0.1mg/kg(最低有效剂量)5周后,精子开始发生变形,活力下降,数量减少,也不能使有生育力雌性食蟹猴怀孕。小鼠长期用药6个月、食蟹猴长期喂药126周(2.4年)后可维持长期不育,没有观察到明显的副作用。接着,作者探讨了雷公藤内酯酮对雄性小鼠和食蟹猴的避孕可逆性。当雄性C57BL/6小鼠口服0.8mg/kg 雷公藤内酯酮4周后精子出现严重变形时停药,停药4周后,小鼠精子形态、精子活力恢复正常,能使有生育力雌性小鼠怀孕并生出健康子代 (图1B)。食蟹猴口服0.1mg/kg雷公藤内酯酮8周后停药,停药5-6周后,食蟹猴精子形态、精子活力和精子数量都恢复正常,能够使雌性食蟹猴怀孕并生出健康的猴仔 (图1C)。

和其他药物不一样,避孕药是给正常的成人服用,故其安全性至关重要。本研究中,作者系统地探讨了雷公藤内酯酮的安全性。成年雄食蟹猴口服雷公藤内酯酮期间,食欲、睡眠、精神状态以及血常规、肝肾功能和激素水平均没有明显异常。在雄性小鼠中,雷公藤内酯酮发挥避孕效应的EC50为0.1mg/kg,远低于它的最小有效剂量0.8mg/kg和半数致死量(LD50) 300mg/kg。应用DARTS技术、GlycoLink磁珠亲和纯化技术、质谱技术等方法筛选和鉴定出雷公藤内酯酮作用的靶点是连接蛋白(Junction plakoglobin, JUP),并提出了雷公藤内酯酮发挥避孕效应的新机制:雷公藤内酯酮与JUP结合后干扰JUP与SPEM1结合,导致精子发生严重变形、精子活力下降,失去受精能力,达到避孕效果。

中草药是中华文明的一个瑰宝,凝聚着中华民族的博大智慧。该研究再次显示了中草药里蕴藏的无穷宝藏。雷公藤内酯酮有望能和青蒿素一样,成为挖掘中药中有效成分用于药物研发和人类健康保健的典范。

美国内华达大学医学院Zongliang Chang博士、广东省计划生育科学技术研究所秦卫兵博士、美国内华达大学医学院郑惠丽博士、Kathleen Schegg博士为该论文的共同第一作者,广东省计划生育科学技术研究所唐运革教授和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校闫威教授为该论文的共同通讯作者。

原始出处:

Zongliang Chang, Weibing Qin, Huili Zheng, et al. Triptonide is a reversible non-hormonal male contraceptive agent in mice and non-human primates. Nature Communications 12 , 1–14.

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