CEN Case Rep:肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制剂治疗高血压急症急性期并发急性肾损伤的案例分析

2022-02-28 “心关注”公众号 “心关注”公众号

本文病例报道强调了在高血压急症中及时使用血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)和醛固酮拮抗剂对改善血压及保护靶器官免受高血压影响的益处。

高血压急症一种以血压明显升高和多器官缺血性损害为特征的疾病,其主要病理机制是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的过度激活,与基础疾病无关。因此,抑制活化的RAAS可能是有效的治疗靶点。然而,关于RAAS抑制剂在高血压急症中的作用似乎还未达成共识,并且在代表性指南中没有将RAAS抑制剂推荐用于高血压急症患者的急性期治疗。

本文病例报道强调了在高血压急症中及时使用血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)和醛固酮拮抗剂对改善血压及保护靶器官免受高血压影响的益处。

病例报道

患者44岁,女性,因胸闷、头痛入院。2个月前,该患者在一家戒烟诊所被诊断为高血压病和肾功能不全(肌酐2.3 mg/dL),未行治疗。入院时,患者血压为226/109 mmHg,并发急性心力衰竭;超声心电图显示射血分数为20%。该患者腿部没有水肿表现,但体重比基线增加约3公斤,胸部X线检查显示胸腔积液和肺充血。患者意识清晰,未见抽搐或不自主运动。初始实验室检查中,患者血尿素氮为52.4 mg/dL,血清肌酐为3.72 mg/dL(eGFR为12.3 mL/min/1.73 m2),血红蛋白值较低(7.0 g/dL)(表1)。腹部超声示双肾大小正常,有回声质;同时观察到视网膜视神经乳头水肿。脑磁共振成像(MRI)显示只有脑干高密度影(图1a);弥散加权成像未显示任何病理结果。根据临床和影像学检查,诊断为可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)。

表1. 入院时血液检查结果

图1. 治疗前后的脑部磁共振成像

根据实验室检查和临床表现,患者被诊断为高血压急症,入院后立即行抗高血压治疗,口服硝苯地平缓控释制剂(硝苯地平 CR)80 mg/d,持续静脉注射硝酸甘油3-7 mg/kg/min,在住院第10天加用螺内酯25 mg。此外,该患者还使用利尿剂(速尿40 mg/d,iv)治疗液体超负荷1周。尽管患者存在急性肾损伤(AKI),但在住院第14天开始服用12.5 mg氯沙坦钾,3周内患者血压从约230/110 mmHg下降到150/100 mmHg(图2)。血清肌酐和尿蛋白也分别从5.92 mg/dL(eGFR,6.9 mL/min/1.73 m2)和5.7 g/gram-creatinine的峰值逐渐上升。

图2. 住院期间的病程变化

入院后第2天和第4天,患者因严重贫血两次输注280 ml红细胞,未使用任何造血药物。患者住院后临床症状好转;3个月后,MRI观察到放射学改变消失(图1b)。

患者从高血压急症的急性期开始使用RAS受体阻滞剂,在一年半的随访期间观察到其肾功能恢复(图3)。入院18个月后,血尿素氮22.3 mg/dL,血清肌酐1.62(eGFR 28.4 mL/min/1.73 m2),钾恢复正常至4.8 mEq/L。

图3. 包括住院期在内的所有病程变化

结论

在高血压急症患者中及时开始ARB和螺内酯治疗,可能有助于血压控制及保护靶器官免受损伤。

原始出处:

Watanabe K, Hamada T, Shimada K, et al. Efficacy of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockades for acute phase hypertensive emergencies in patient complicating severe acute kidney injury. CEN Case Rep. 2022 Feb;11(1):105-109. doi: 10.1007/s13730-021-00639-1. Epub 2021 Aug 21. PMID: 34420196; PMCID: PMC8810968.

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    2022-06-20 jklm09
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  4. 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    2022-04-20 feifers
  5. 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    2023-02-09 丁鹏鹏
  6. 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createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Tue Mar 01 22:58:56 CST 2022, time=2022-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1589369, encodeId=74bf158936977, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fb0389e4373' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管紧张素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89743, encryptionId=fb0389e4373, topicName=血管紧张素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ce517702394, createdName=xiongliangxl, createdTime=Tue Mar 01 22:58:56 CST 2022, time=2022-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-08-11 wjywjy
  7. 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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852899, encodeId=d243185289989, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Mon Jun 20 05:58:56 CST 2022, time=2022-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2027971, encodeId=f137202e971e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c9a41324e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#case#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4132, encryptionId=7c9a41324e, topicName=case)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=62a7397, 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createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Tue Mar 01 22:58:56 CST 2022, time=2022-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1589369, encodeId=74bf158936977, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fb0389e4373' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管紧张素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89743, encryptionId=fb0389e4373, topicName=血管紧张素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ce517702394, createdName=xiongliangxl, createdTime=Tue Mar 01 22:58:56 CST 2022, time=2022-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-01 cmsvly
  9. 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  10. 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