儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与变应性鼻炎

2018-11-30 张杰(首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院皮肤科) 中华医学信息导报

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是一种儿童常见疾病,且与变应性鼻炎(AR) 关系密切。

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是一种儿童常见疾病,且与变应性鼻炎(AR) 关系密切。

AR是易感个体接触变应原(过敏原)所引起的免疫球蛋白E 介导的鼻黏膜非感染性炎症。据国内外大量的流行病学调查显示,近年来AR的发病率明显上升,在我国儿童的患病率约为10%,且呈逐年上升趋势,学龄期和青春期是发病高峰。AR与很多呼吸系统疾病关系密切,如支气管哮喘(哮喘),其对疾病的发病、严重程度及临床转归均有重要影响。研究发现,患AR的儿童其哮喘的发病风险增加3倍。

AR可以合并很多疾病,例如过敏性咽炎和喉炎、咽鼓管功能障碍、鼻窦炎、鼻息肉、分泌性中耳炎、结膜炎、哮喘、睡眠呼吸障碍、腺样体肥大、湿疹、异位性皮炎等。OSAHS是指睡眠过程中频繁发生部分或全部上气道阻塞,扰乱儿童正常通气和睡眠结构而引起的一系列病理生理变化。美国儿科学会于2012年公布的《儿童睡眠呼吸暂停综合征诊治指南》中指出OSAHS患病率为5.7%。北京地区流行病学调查显示该地区儿童OSAHS患病率为8.1%。

目前,OSAHS在临床上受到广泛重视,是因为其对患儿危害很大,它会引起全身多个系统的异常,包括听力下降、反复鼻炎、鼻窦炎,咳嗽、鼻后滴漏、腺样体面容、生长发育落后、神经认知障碍、血管系统危害和内分泌紊乱等。

儿童OSAHS是多种因素协同作用的结果,例如气道结构的改变、神经肌肉调控机制的缺失、遗传因素和内分泌因素的影响。儿童OSAHS的危险因素有变应性鼻炎、哮喘、肥胖、术前有严重的睡眠呼吸暂停,以及颌面部畸形等。儿童AR与OSAHS密切相关,包括以下几点。

AR与腺样体肥大

腺样体也称咽扁桃体,是位于鼻咽部顶部与咽后壁处的淋巴组织。腺样体受到反复刺激而发生病理性增生时,患儿会出现鼻堵、张口呼吸、打鼾等症状,夜间加重, 出现睡眠打鼾、睡眠不安,严重时可导致OSAHS的发生。患儿常伴有特殊变容,即“腺样体面容”。

腺样体肥大可以导致儿童OSAHS的发生,而AR是引起儿童腺样体肥大的重要原因。大量的研究发现,患有AR的儿童,尤其是对尘螨致敏的患儿,其腺样体肥大发生率增加,睡眠受到严重影响,甚至发生中度至重度睡眠呼吸紊乱。

AR与OSAHS相互影响

AR与OSAHS相互影响,互为因果,其相关性除了体现在症状上以外,还体现在治疗上。研究发现,给患儿进行鼻内糖皮质激素治疗时,不仅能缩小肥大的腺样体的体积、减轻鼻黏膜充血,还能减轻OSAHS及AR的症状。关于口服白三烯受体拮抗剂治疗的研究也发现,OSAHS患儿口服12周后,可以有效减轻夜间呼吸紊乱的严重程度,减小腺样体组织体积,有效提高睡眠质量。

AR对儿童OSAHS术后疗效的影响

对于接受手术治疗的重度OSAHS患儿,仍有10%~20%的患儿即使在切除腺样体后还残留打鼾和鼻塞。变应性鼻炎是术后生命质量长期恶化的危险因素。

OSAHS与AR的患儿需要规范化的诊治。主要的治疗原则有个体化治疗、综合治疗、微创治疗。无论是变应性鼻炎,还是腺样体肥大,或者腺样体肥大引起的OSAHS,都不是单一存在,而是互相影响的综合性问题。针对于患儿个体,应考虑分析病因并给予个体化治疗,同时要把这几个因素综合考虑,才能更好地提高疗效。例如,如果患儿过敏症状得到控制,那其OSAHS的问题也能得到缓解;无法通过手术解决的OSAHS,也可以通过抗过敏治疗得到控制。在抗过敏治疗的药物中,推荐使用二代抗组胺药物。

针对AR与OSAHS的研究和治疗,我国目前需在以下方面持续努力:OSAHS患儿进行手术治疗前后都要重视变应性疾病的诊断及治疗,提高疗效;设计前瞻性临床对照试验、开展药物治疗研究、提出适用于儿童的最佳治疗方案;要重视腺样体肥大及变应性鼻炎的免疫学研究;建设数据库,积极开展全国多中心合作研究。

在临床上经常会遇到因为打鼾问题来就诊的儿童,经过检查, 往往是与AR及OSAHS有关,相信将来一定会有越来越多的儿童医师加入到相关研究中来,让广大的AR患儿及OSAHS患儿受益。

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    2019-03-04 tomyang96
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