JAMA N:反反复复脑梗死和脑出血什么回事?

2018-06-09 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

40多岁,男性,印度人。为了评价复发性缺血性卒中和脑出血就诊。 既往病史包括高血压和痛风。


40多岁,男性,印度人。为了评价复发性缺血性卒中和脑出血就诊。

既往病史包括高血压和痛风。

7年前眩晕,构音障碍和左侧偏瘫。脑核磁显示右侧放射冠梗死,右侧外侧裂2个环形强化和结节样肉芽肿性病灶(下图A)。头颈MRA正常。入院2周后发热和乏力。脑MRI显示右侧外侧裂新发病灶,伴脑膜强化。8个月后随访MRI显示右侧顶叶新发结节样病灶,右侧顶叶出血。

这七年间患者未给予特异性治疗,患者病情一直稳定,但是此时新发复视;MRI显示桥脑新发梗死。2个月后,双膝以下皮肤损害;皮肤活检显示结节样红斑。1个月后患者出现全身性痫性发作。脑MRI显示右侧小脑、左侧额颞叶和右侧外侧裂区域脑实质出血,慢性梗死,多发微出血和脑室周围白质损害(下图B)。

血常规、血沉、抗磷脂抗体和自身免疫性检查以及CSF检查都在正常范围,脑血管造影正常。结核菌素皮内试验阳性,但是脑脊液腺苷脱氨酶和分支杆菌培养阴性。血清血管紧张素转换酶72U/L。荧光造影正常。全身CT扫描显示前纵隔非特异性小钙化肉芽肿。全身氟脱氧葡萄糖PET正常。随后进行了活检。

诊断神经结节病。

讨论:

接近15%的卒中患者为年轻人。本例患者,复发性缺血性和出血性卒中,病灶强化,结节样红斑,这些提示炎性疾病,可能累及脑动脉。血管影像学正常并不能排除这种可能性,因为炎性动脉病常累及远端小血管。遗传性动脉病,比如COL4A1变异,其荧光造影和家族史阴性可以排除遗传性动脉病。皮肤损害、发热以及未经免疫抑制治疗的情况下卒中之间的间隔长达7年,都提示不可能为原发性中枢神经系统血管炎。感染性动脉病,比如水痘带状疱疹和HIV病毒性动脉病,实验室结果能够排除这种诊断。血沉正常和自身免疫检查阴性,诊断风湿病不太可能,比如结节性多发性动脉炎、抗磷脂抗体综合症、肉芽肿病伴多血管炎、嗜酸性肉芽肿病伴多血管炎;但是这些疾病仍需要病理学排除。脑部影像表现为肉芽肿,提示神经结核和神经结节病的可能性。结核试验提示为隐匿性疾病,但是不能完全排除结核病,因为结核病在印度很常见,临床症状表现各异。对于结核病患者,卒中往往见于结核性脑膜炎患者,这时脑干周围软脑膜渗出,血管壁受到浸润,引起血管内膜增生和纤维素样坏死。

以卒中为首发的神经系统结节病非常罕见。主要累及较小的脑血管,典型的病理发现为动脉壁肉芽肿和纤维素样坏死,造成梗死、脑实质出血和SAH以及大脑静脉窦血栓形成。引起卒中的间接机制包括颅内占位性病变压迫脑动脉,心律失常引起的心源性脑栓塞或心肌病,肾小球肾炎相关慢性高血压引起的小血管梗死。在发表的病例中,脑出血最常见于幕上,四十到五十多岁的男性。

因为缺乏典型的临床表现,无特异性的实验室检查,因此诊断神经结节病很困难。血和脑脊液血管紧张素转换酶水平升高,其特异性和敏感性较低。脑脊液可以正常,或压力升高,蛋白高,以及单核细胞增多。全身氟脱氧葡萄糖PET和镓扫描的敏感性高达97%。炎性泪腺、唾液腺和腮腺镓扫描具有特征性。结节病容易累积胸腔、皮肤和眼组织。胸部影像如果表现为肺门淋巴结病或间质性肺病,应该提高警惕。如果胸部影像正常,支气管镜活检有助于诊断。

因为临床检查和实验室结果都不能确诊该患者的病因,随后进行了脑活检。取材右侧额叶强化病灶周围的脑组织和软脑膜,组织病理学显示上皮样血管周围肉芽肿(下图),未见病原菌,确诊为神经结节病。

给予激素和麦考酚酸吗乙酯等治疗,随访6个月未复发。

原始出处:

Eva A. Rocha,et al.Recurrent Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes in a Young Adult.JAMA Neurol. 2018 May 1;75(5):628-629. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0403.

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    2018-06-11 karmond
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465109, encodeId=bf3a146510958, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dea8489010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑梗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84890, encryptionId=2dea8489010, topicName=脑梗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ccf56689148, createdName=karmond, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323011, encodeId=c593323011cc, content=受用了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ac82155377, createdName=1201e5c5m39暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 09:13:08 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322974, encodeId=05db3229e4b3, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 07:45:18 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322866, encodeId=799032286618, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 22:17:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322856, encodeId=40203228561c, content=vvv还好还好哈就, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b0171930782, createdName=为你把脉, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 21:04:43 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-10 1201e5c5m39暂无昵称

    受用了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465109, encodeId=bf3a146510958, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dea8489010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑梗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84890, encryptionId=2dea8489010, topicName=脑梗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ccf56689148, createdName=karmond, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323011, encodeId=c593323011cc, content=受用了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ac82155377, createdName=1201e5c5m39暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 09:13:08 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322974, encodeId=05db3229e4b3, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 07:45:18 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322866, encodeId=799032286618, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 22:17:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322856, encodeId=40203228561c, content=vvv还好还好哈就, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b0171930782, createdName=为你把脉, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 21:04:43 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-10 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465109, encodeId=bf3a146510958, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dea8489010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑梗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84890, encryptionId=2dea8489010, topicName=脑梗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ccf56689148, createdName=karmond, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323011, encodeId=c593323011cc, content=受用了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ac82155377, createdName=1201e5c5m39暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 09:13:08 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322974, encodeId=05db3229e4b3, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 07:45:18 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322866, encodeId=799032286618, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 22:17:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322856, encodeId=40203228561c, content=vvv还好还好哈就, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b0171930782, createdName=为你把脉, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 21:04:43 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-09 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465109, encodeId=bf3a146510958, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dea8489010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑梗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84890, encryptionId=2dea8489010, topicName=脑梗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ccf56689148, createdName=karmond, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323011, encodeId=c593323011cc, content=受用了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ac82155377, createdName=1201e5c5m39暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 09:13:08 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322974, encodeId=05db3229e4b3, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 07:45:18 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322866, encodeId=799032286618, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 22:17:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322856, encodeId=40203228561c, content=vvv还好还好哈就, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b0171930782, createdName=为你把脉, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 21:04:43 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-09 为你把脉

    vvv还好还好哈就

    0

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