高阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒患者的治疗方法:2021核心要点更新

2021-10-15 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

酸碱紊乱的识别、鉴别诊断和治疗是临床中经常会遇到的问题。

酸碱紊乱的识别、鉴别诊断和治疗是临床中经常会遇到的问题。酸碱紊乱通常根据血液pH值、pCO2、碳酸氢盐(或总CO2)及电解质来识别,血液阴离子间隙(AG)的计算和解释提供了额外的诊断和治疗信息。

1936年,James Gamble提出了AG的概念,但直到20世纪50年代和60年代,火焰光度计和自动分析仪的引入使血清电解质测量变得常规和迅速,AG才开始流行。本文将在一些临床场景中展示血气参数、电解质和AG的正确解释,以及如何正确识别非常复杂的酸碱紊乱,并帮助快速鉴别诊断。

高阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒的GOLDMARK助记符

阴离子间隙(AG)的评估和应用

例:一位68岁男性,有良好高血压控制病史和良性前列腺肥大病史,因发热3天、排尿困难、乏力和僵直1天于急诊科(ED)就诊。生命体征:体温38.6 ℃;血压:90/70mmHg;脉搏,110次/分钟,正常。体格检查:粘膜干燥、嗜睡。实验室检查:Na+ 138 mEq/L;K+ 3.1 mEq/L;Cl− 111mEq/L;HCO3− 17 mEq/L;血清尿素氮(SUN) 26 mg/dL;肌酐1.1 mg/dL;葡萄糖,126 mg/100 mL;白蛋白 2.0 g/dL。动脉血气(ABG)值pH 7.30;二氧化碳分压 32mmHg;HCO3−,15mEq/L;pO2 72mmHg。

问题:该患者存在下列哪一种酸碱异常?

a)高阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒(HAGMA)与适当的呼吸代偿

b)高氯血症(正常AG)代谢性酸中毒

c)混合性代谢性酸中毒和呼吸性碱中毒

d)代谢性碱中毒和代谢性酸中毒

分析:该患者有泌尿系感染的症状和体征,可能是败血症。他的血气分析显示酸中毒(pH值7.30),[HCO3-]降低15 mEq/L,pCO2降低32 mmHg。温特斯方程预测他的pCO2应为31mmHg。因此,患者的实验室结果与适当代偿的代谢性酸中毒一致。

这种酸中毒是HAGMA、高氯血症还是混合性的?初始AG计算值为(138[111+17])=10meq/L,这表明为正常AG(或高氯血症)代谢性酸中毒。然而,这个计算没有考虑到患者的明显低白蛋白血症(2g/ 100ml)。这种程度的低白蛋白血症将使[AG]降低2.5(4.52)=6.2。因此,在校正低蛋白血症后,[AG]实际上增加到约16 mEq/L。随后,据报道,患者的乳酸水平为6 mEq/L。这些结果均与L-乳酸酸中毒引起的HAGMA一致。因此,问题1的正确答案是(a)。

在住院患者中,乳酸性酸中毒是一种非常常见的代谢性酸中毒原因。当乳酸产量超过乳酸清除率时就会发生。一种常用的分类系统将乳酸酸中毒的临床原因分为与组织氧合明显受损相关的(A型)和系统性氧合受损不存在或不明显的(B型)。在某些情况下,A型和B型乳酸酸中毒之间存在重叠。

“赌博图”描述的血清电解质

A型乳酸酸中毒的典型原因包括低血容量、败血症、胃肠道大出血、心脏衰竭或心肺骤停。除非组织灌注能迅速恢复,否则预后较差。B型乳酸酸中毒的原因包括各种毒素、药物和维生素缺乏(如硫胺素),它们损害细胞和/或线粒体代谢,或产生局部缺血。B型乳酸酸中毒的一个经典原因是二甲双胍中毒,通常发生在二甲双胍全身积累导致的急性或慢性肾损伤患者。B型乳酸酸中毒的其他原因包括各种恶性肿瘤,特别是白血病和淋巴瘤,慢性严重酒精使用障碍,以及一些用于治疗HIV的抗逆转录病毒药物。

当HAGMA存在时,[AG]的增加量和[AG]的减少量呈反比关系。[HCO3−] (指定为Δ[AG]/Δ[HCO3−] 可以非常有用的指示某些形式的混合酸碱失调如果HAGMA是在单一流体空间中形成的,没有损失任何HCO3−或积聚强酸的阴离子,那么一个完美的1:1 Δ[AG]/Δ[HCO3−]比例应该存在。然而,强酸阴离子和HCO3 -实际上有不同的分布空间,可以以不同的速率从肾脏排泄。因此,HAGMA发生时并不总是存在完美的1:1 Δ[AG]/Δ[HCO3-]比例。尽管如此,总的来说,1:1的Δ[AG]/Δ[HCO3-]关系仍然是解释HAGMA的一个很好的起点。当AG (Δ[AG])的增加明显超过[HCO3−](Δ[HCO3-])的下降时,必须强烈考虑另一种酸碱失调——代谢性碱中毒或慢性呼吸性酸中毒。

AG是一个数学虚拟结构,因为在任何溶液中都不可能存在真正的阴离子间隙。尽管如此,这种人工结构对于评估酸碱紊乱和对代谢性酸中毒进行分类是非常有用的临床工具。代谢性酸中毒可分为HAGMA和高氯血症代谢性酸中毒当临床报告出现电解质结果时,应计算AG。AG高、低或阴性都有相应的临床解释。

参考文献:Fenves A Z , Emmett M . Approach to Patients With High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: Core Curriculum 2021[J]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2021.

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    2022-04-25 sodoo
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    2021-10-16 mashirong
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