CNStroke2018丨中国心源性卒中的现状与发展——房颤与卒中的新进展

2018-05-08 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

中国脑卒中大会,暨第八届全国心脑血管病论坛2018年5月3~6日在北京召开。现任国家心血管病中心、中国医学科学院阜外医院教授、博士生导师、心律失常诊治中心主任张澍教授,就中国目前心房颤动(房颤)与卒中诊断和治疗的新进展情况发表专题报告。

编者按:

中国脑卒中大会,暨第八届全国心脑血管病论坛2018年5月3~6日在北京召开。现任国家心血管病中心、中国医学科学院阜外医院教授、博士生导师、心律失常诊治中心主任张澍教授,就中国目前心房颤动(房颤)与卒中诊断和治疗的新进展情况发表专题报告。



国家心血管病中心、中国医学科学院阜外医院张澍教授

一、卒中流行病学和疾病负担

根据2017年中国心血管病报告,中国脑卒中疾病负担居高不下,甚至呈上升趋势。根据卒中临床分型(TOAST分型),缺血性卒中比例高达87%,卒中致残致死率居高不下,其中心源性卒中是导致缺血性卒中的主要原因之一,比例高达26%,而房颤原因约占70%。

二、心源性卒中的特点及房颤负担

心源性卒中特点及房颤负担

根据国家神经疾病研究所和卒中数据库标准,将缺血性卒中分为四类:大血管颈动脉粥样硬化伴狭窄、心源性栓塞、腔隙性和不明原因梗死。房颤对不同类型缺血性卒中影响不同,其中75.1%的心源性卒中患者伴有房颤,高居首位。心源性卒中的特点是:早期复发率高、死亡率更高,30天复发率为5.3%,死亡率为30.3%。我国缺血性卒中合并房颤患者,1年后卒中复发率、致残率、致死率均呈高值,分别为32.35%、51.58%、34.23%。2008年中国房颤流行病学数据显示,我国35~80岁居民中有800万房颤患者,患病率为0.77%,并随人口老龄化加剧进一步增加。目前,中国约每分钟,就有2例房颤患者发生卒中,给患者本人和家庭带来难以承受的痛苦。

目前房颤的检查手段

作为心血管病医生,提高房颤检出率至关重要。现阶段,房颤的筛查手段包括,体格检查,发现心律失常;体表心电图,包括ECG,Holter,长时程ECG等;有创ECG,CIED(PM/ICD/CRT);皮下可植入式心电图记录设备,ICM等。随筛查手段的提高,房颤检出率也大幅提升。



三、中国房颤卒中预防现状及策略

中国房颤患者抗凝治疗现状

临床研究数据显示,有效抗凝可降低房颤患者卒中发病率和死亡率,院内启动抗凝获益明确。

中国房颤患者抗凝治疗现状,非瓣膜性房颤患者口服抗凝药比例仅为11%,瓣膜房颤患者口服抗凝药比例为40%,均低于欧美国家。2004年,中国仅有不足3%的房颤患者接受抗凝治疗,其中39.7%接受阿司匹林治疗,1.7%接受华法林治疗,而60.4%未接受任何抗栓治疗。2011年,仅有10%的房颤患者接受抗凝治疗。2013年,CARFIRLD中国亚组房颤抗凝比例为28.7%,中国抗凝治疗虽逐渐改善,但抗凝比例仍严重不足。临床研究显示,中国房颤患者合并不同危险因素抗凝比例均低,中国老年房颤患者抗凝治疗不足,中国接受即使是接受华法林治疗的房颤患者,抗凝达标率(INR2.0~3.0)也仅为36%,大多维持在INR<2.0。

中国房颤卒中预防的现状

主要表现在以下几方面:房颤检出率逐渐升高,房颤患者抗凝治疗率低,中国房颤患者抗血小板治疗比例高,接受华法林抗凝治疗的患者INR达标率低,接受抗凝治疗的患者一年后停用比例高,老年患者抗凝治疗比例低。

策略

导致我国抗凝治疗严重不足的三大原因是:抗凝意识不足,抗血小板药物的错误使用,华法林存在诸多局限性。

如何改善房颤卒中的预防现状?这需提高医生和患者的抗凝意识,提高医生对抗凝治疗和抗血小板治疗的认识,使用新型口服抗凝药。

ESC 2016指南推荐使用CHA2DS2-VASc评估卒中风险,房颤患者卒中风险随评分升高而升高,高危房颤患者应接受抗凝治疗。抗血小板药物在房产管理指南中的地位进一步下降,最新指南主张CHA2DS2-VASc评分为1的患者,不进行抗栓治疗或口服抗凝治疗或考虑使用阿司匹林。最新研究显示,阿司匹林显著增加缺血性卒中风险。新型抗凝药物,NOACs是针对特异性抗凝因子的药物,如阿哌沙班、利伐沙班、艾多沙班针对Xa因子,而达比加群针对IIa因子发挥抗凝作用。新型口服抗凝药对比华法林具有显著优势:可预测药代动力学,不存在饮食因素影响,较少的药物相互作用,颅内出血风险更低,迅速桥接非肠道抗凝治疗、无需初始化过程。ESC 2016房颤指南指出,NOACs在房颤卒中一级和二级预防中优先推荐使用。

中国房颤卒中预防指南,在抗凝药物的选择上提出:应评估抗凝治疗的风险与获益、明确抗凝治疗是有益的;瓣膜性房颤患者推荐使用华法林治疗;非瓣膜房颤患者,相较华法林,推荐使用NOACs药物治疗;既往卒中、TIA或CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2的非瓣膜性房颤患者可使用华法林也可使用NOACs治疗;华法林治疗INR控制不理想时,也可选用NOACs治疗。

四、中国房颤卒中预防展望

中国开展心源性卒中防治基地项目,由政府和学会支持,全国范围内医院全程参与,建立和完善心源性卒中防治体系。大力推动中西医结合,建立具有中国特色的房颤卒中预防治疗系统。

五、器械治疗预防房颤卒中

左心耳封堵系统

ESC 2016指南对左心耳封堵系统与既往相同推荐级别为IIb级。其适应证为,房颤患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2,同时具有下列情况之一:不适合长期口服抗凝者,口服华法林,INR达标仍发生卒中或栓塞事件,HAS-BLED≥3。

目前,WATCHMAN全球55个国家批准上市,超过25 000台植入,中国左心耳封堵系统植入量全球居前三位,手术成功率达99%。全球多项研究显示,该技术可显著降低房颤患者卒中风险和出血风险。

导管消融技术

导管消融可显著降低房颤患者卒中风险,来自瑞典的研究显示导管消融可使房颤患者卒中风险下降31%,死亡风险降低50%。2016年亚太地区导管消融与房颤消融现状统计显示,中国大陆地区居首位。

小结

目前,中国卒中发生率高、死亡率高,房颤患者众多。房颤抗凝治疗率严重不足,房颤患者卒中的预防刻不容缓,中国临床医生需与国际接轨,并结合我国国情进行规范化房颤抗凝治疗。新型口服抗凝药的出现,有望改善中国房颤患者抗凝治疗现状。应积极推进左心耳封堵等新的房颤抗凝治疗方法,并建立严谨的治疗程序。导管消融在我国的蓬勃发展,可为降低房颤卒中发生率作出一定贡献。

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    2019-02-19 lg.zhao
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    2019-02-11 drj2003
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    2018-05-11 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2018-05-10 mhm295
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    2018-05-10 txqjm

    谢谢了.学习

    0

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    2018-05-09 1821e83055m

    很好.学习了

    0

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    2018-05-09 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-05-09 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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    2018-05-09 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1914245, encodeId=7db919142458d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4b8349356f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CNS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4935, encryptionId=4b8349356f, topicName=CNS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c737344, createdName=lg.zhao, createdTime=Tue Feb 19 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1977550, encodeId=264719e755032, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d9e5130962f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13096, encryptionId=d9e5130962f, topicName=NST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80c5136, createdName=drj2003, createdTime=Mon Feb 11 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313968, encodeId=6291313968cc, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri May 11 05:08:53 CST 2018, time=2018-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593475, encodeId=349f15934e53e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9850510e9a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心源性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51079, encryptionId=9850510e9a3, topicName=心源性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=955718147815, createdName=mhm295, createdTime=Thu May 10 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313687, encodeId=c5cd31368e68, content=谢谢了.学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Thu May 10 06:13:47 CST 2018, time=2018-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313609, encodeId=2de1313609b8, content=很好.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc072033922, createdName=1821e83055m, createdTime=Wed May 09 23:11:26 CST 2018, time=2018-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313348, encodeId=af83313348bf, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Wed May 09 05:58:21 CST 2018, time=2018-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026040, encodeId=21cf10260405d, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=健健, createdTime=Wed May 09 01:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313292, encodeId=8a16313292db, content=厉害了我的哥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed May 09 00:12:06 CST 2018, time=2018-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313275, encodeId=2ea03132e567, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue May 08 22:54:54 CST 2018, time=2018-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-08 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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