Nature:现有肠道细菌治疗方法不可靠!肠道细菌需要个体遗传“密码”

2019-10-31 小通 生物通

这些微生物被称为肠道微生物组,在人们的健康中发挥着关键作用

“用某些细菌在肠道内定植的通用方法可能永远不会成功”


这些微生物被称为肠道微生物组,在人们的健康中发挥着关键作用

人体的肠道是一个危险的地方。

生活在我们肠道中的细菌会分泌出毒素,用以阻止微生物入侵者。但是每个人的肠道都有自己的一套毒素,来自霍华德休斯医学研究所院的科学家最新研究指出,它们必须有自己的一套“passcode”才能生存下去。

这一研究发现公布在10月30日的Nature杂志上。这项研究朝着适合不同人群改变有益微生物的方向迈出了第一步。

文章作者,霍华德休斯医学研究所的Joseph Mougous说,研究结果表明,对于益生菌或活体生物疗法而言,还没有一种万能的方法,可以通过细菌营养品促进健康细菌生长。

他说:“操纵肠道微生物来促进健康,很有潜力,但目前尚不清楚这些肠道的细菌规则。”

细菌防御机制

人体肠道中充满了细菌。每克粪便含有约1000亿个细菌细胞,肠道细菌的数量与人类细胞的数量比例高达10:1。这些微生物(统称为肠道微生物组)承担着各种各样的工作,Mougous说。他们消化食物,保持肠道表面完整,提供维生素,并排除有害细菌。“肠道微生物组对人类健康非常重要——我们当然要了解清楚。”

在过去的十年中,Mougous的小组研究出了一种细菌防御机制,该机制称为VI型分泌系统。这就像一个分子注射器,将毒素猛击到邻近的细胞中。毒素会破坏细胞壁,切割膜并耗尽细胞的能源。他说:“它们非常阴险。”

细菌利用免疫基因来中和这些毒素并保护自己。入侵者缺乏正确基因的入侵者,会从肠道排出。Mougous的团队曾经以为毒素和免疫力基因像锁和钥匙一样成对出现。但是最新研究中,通过对来自1000多个人类粪便样本的数据进行的分析显示出令人惊讶的结果。

脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)的免疫基因远远超过了毒素基因。研究小组发现,所有这些额外的免疫基因实际上都属于其他细菌。这些细菌窃取了脆弱拟杆菌的基因,保护自己免受毒素的侵害。Mougous表示,这意味着基因对于细菌在肠道中的生存至关重要。这是科学家以前从未知晓的。

Mougous与微生物学家Benjamin Ross,Elhanan Borenstein等人合作进行了基因组分析。Mougous说:“这种合作非常有趣,因为它使我们两个团队都进入了新领域。”

实验表明,免疫基因簇聚集在DNA片段上,这些DNA片段可以从一个细菌菌株转移到另外一个细菌菌株。在实验室培养皿和活体小鼠中,研究人员发现携带这些基因的细菌立即对脆弱拟杆菌的毒素产生了抗性。

研究小组发现,人类粪便样品具有毒素和免疫基因的独特组合。“因此,在一个人的微生物组中生存所需要的东西可能与另一个人的微生物组中有所不同。”

他说,研究结果可以解释为什么人们很难修补他们的微生物组组成。“用某些细菌在肠道内定植的通用方法可能永远不会成功,因为这需要个体化分析。”

原始出处:Benjamin D. Ross, Adrian J. Verster, Matthew C. Radey, et al. Human gut bacteria contain acquired interbacterial defence systems. Nature. 30 October 2019

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    2020-06-17 liye789132251
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    2020-07-02 许安
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    2019-11-01 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2019-11-01 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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