medRxiv:世界首例猪心脏移植患者去世,中国首例猪器官移植人体实验预计在今年开展

2022-03-11 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

2022年1月10日,马里兰大学医学院公布了世界首例活人成功植入基因编辑猪心脏的手术,57岁的心脏病患者大卫·贝内特(David Bennett)接受了一颗经过基因编辑的猪心脏以挽救生命

2022年1月10日,马里兰大学医学院公布了世界首例活人成功植入基因编辑猪心脏的手术,57岁的心脏病患者大卫·贝内特(David Bennett)接受了一颗经过基因编辑的猪心脏以挽救生命。

手术后的大卫·贝内特(右)

2022年3月8日,大卫·贝内特因病情恶化而不幸去世,这颗猪心脏让他延长了2个月寿命。他的家人表示:感谢每一个创新时刻,每一个疯狂的梦想,每一个不眠之夜,感谢每一分努力。希望这个故事成为希望的开始,而不是结束。

虽然2个月的时间并不长,但这已经是异种移植领域的一个巨大成功和历史性突破。四川省人民医院器官移植研究所副所长潘登科研究员表示:“人类首例同种心脏移植仅存活18天,但彻底改变了当时器官移植的老格局。今天,人类首例基因工程猪异种心脏移植存活了两个月整,无疑也可以改变这一领域的新格局。”

在猪器官移植研究领域,中国走的也非常前沿。数个中国团队正在进行基因编辑的猪器官的人体移植的研究实验。

其中,南昌大学第一附属医院的邹立津团队与中科院深圳先进院于寅团队、浙江大学基础医学创新研究院王刚团队合作,在2021年率先进行了基因编辑的猪皮肤的人体试验,用于治疗烧伤病人的皮肤修复。

在接受 New Scientist 采访时,邹立津表示,将计划在2022年进行心脏或肝脏的异种移植,但具体时间尚未完全确定。团队目前正在完成技术和医疗准备工作,包括外科医生和ICU团队进行实体器官异种移植的准备工作,同时也在进行异种器官移植手术所有必要的批准工作。

目前,国内外团队在做的猪器官异种移植的研究,都是通过对猪进行基因改造,使其尽可能减少对人体免疫系统的排异反应。邹立津团队的研究也是如此,他们敲除了猪的3个基因,并敲入了8个人类基因,从而使猪器官尽可能被人体免疫系统所接受。

在去年,邹立津团队进行了一项涉及16名严重烧伤患者的基因编辑猪皮肤移植的临床试验。该研究于2022年1月7日发表在了预印本 medRxiv 上。

对于严重烧伤,通常需要用人类尸体或猪的皮肤临时覆盖伤口,以防止感染和体液流失,为从身体其他部位的皮肤移植争取时间。

在这项人体试验中,16位严重烧伤患者接受了来自基因编辑猪“Xeno X”的皮肤移植物,并在旁边移植未经基因编辑的猪皮肤作为对照,患者未接受降低排异反应的药物治疗。

结果显示,未经基因编辑的猪皮肤无法与人体组织的血管产生连接,仅能存在8天时间,这与来自人类尸体的皮肤移植持续的时间相同。而经过基因编辑的猪皮肤很快形成了血管连接并得到血液供应,存活25天后,研究团队移除了这些皮肤。所有接受治疗的人都没有任何不良反应或发生感染。

邹立津表示,这项研究表明,基因编辑的猪皮肤可以有效治疗严重烧伤,尤其是在皮肤供不应求的情况下。

据悉,邹立津团队目前正在扩大试验范围,包括那些出现生命危险的烧伤患者。他们同事还在对猪进行基因进一步基因改造,期望最终创造出外观和功能与人类皮肤一样的猪,以长期替代严重烧伤患者的皮肤。

邹立津医生

猪皮肤移植不是他们的最终目的,邹立津团队希望获得批准将基因编辑的猪器官移植到那些等不到配型器官而面临死亡的患者体内。他们预计将从心脏或肝脏移植开始。

马里兰大学医学院完成的这项猪心脏人体移植手术,使用的是正常大小的白猪,它们的器官对于人类来说太大了,因此这个猪心脏还被基因编辑敲除了一个生长激素受体基因,以防止其长的太大。邹立津认为,自己团队使用的是体型更小的小型猪,其器官大小与人类相当,因此具有一定优势。

异种器官移植会是未来吗?

1954年12月23日,美国成功进行了世界第一例人体器官移植。此后,器官移植技术快速发展,20世纪70年代以来,器官移植已经成为肾功能衰竭和其他器官疾病患者的切实选择。

据世界卫生组织(WHO)统计,全世界每年大约有200万人需要器官移植,然而,阻碍这些患者的最大难题不是技术问题,而是器官供体的严重短缺,全球平均器官供需比不足1:20。以美国为例,现在有114000人在等待器官移植手术,但每年只有3万人等到了器官进行手术,平均每天有20多人在等待中去世。

全世界的科研人员尝试通过多种途径解决器官移植短缺问题,其中比较具有应用前景的是异种器官移植。异种器官移植,就是使用其他物种的器官进行人体器官移植。因为猪本身是作为人类的食物而被养殖,因此用于器官移植所产生的的伦理问题较少,此外,猪的产仔数量大,妊娠期短,且器官大小与人类接近。猪就成为异种移植器官的重要来源。

2021年10月,纽约大学朗格尼医学中心的 Robert Montgomery 领导的团队将基因编辑的猪肾脏移植给了一位脑死亡的女性,然后在呼吸机上观察了两天时间,移植后的猪肾脏能够正常过滤废物并产生尿液,而且没有引发排异反应。

这两次异种移植所用的猪器官均来自 United Therapeutics 的子公司 Revivicor 开发的基因编辑猪,其于2020年12月通过了美国FDA批准,将这些猪用作人类的食物或药物。

此外,国内外还有多家公司在进行猪器官异种移植研究,或正在计划将猪器官移植到人体里内。其中比较出名的有乔治·丘奇(George Church)、杨璐菡等人创立的eGenesis公司和杭州启函生物。

eGenesis公司表示,已创造好了一批可用于人体器官移植的基因编辑猪,eGenesis公司和启函生物开发的的基因编辑猪与其他团队的有所不同,他们编辑的范围更广,除了敲除那些影响排异反应的基因,还敲除了猪基因组中所携带的猪内源性逆转录病毒(PERV)。

2020年9月,杨璐菡等人在 Nature Biomedical Engineering 期刊发表论文,开发了可用于临床器官移植雏形的猪3.0,这是迄今为止基因编辑数量最多的动物,完全消除了猪内源性逆转录病毒(PERV),还在免疫层面修改了12个基因,包括敲除了3个主要的抗原和插入了12个和免疫有关的因子。把基因编辑后的猪的细胞和人的细胞对比,把各种人的免疫刺激加上去,发现基因编辑后的猪细胞已经可以抵御大规模的人的抗体、补体、天然和免疫细胞的杀伤作用。可以满足安全、成功移植到人类体内的要求。

在接受《生物世界》专访时,杨璐菡表示,“猪3.0”的诞生标志着异种器官移植在安全性和有效性上迈出了重要的一步,同时这项成果也证明了启函生物利用其高通量的基因编辑技术平台为细胞赋予了新的功能,使其在肿瘤免疫细胞疗法和再生医学应用中有较大的潜力。

杨璐菡博士

杨璐菡还强调:“细胞疗法是启函生物近期的重点,异种移植一如既往仍然是我们的长期愿景。”

此外,美国还有一家名为 Miromatrix 的异种器官移植公司,他们的方法与众不同,是通过泵洗细胞技术,将猪器官内的活细胞洗脱掉,只留下蛋白质框架,使结构和脉管系统完好无损,再灌注人体细胞重新填充蛋白质框架,培养出可用于人体移植的器官。他们将这种方法称为灌注脱细胞和再细胞化(perfusion decellularization and recellularizatio)。该公司于2021年6月24日上市,也是首个上市的异种器官移植公司,但上市后股价表现低迷,目前市值仅5000多万美元。

灌注脱细胞和再细胞化

在2018年,四川省人民医院器官移植研究所副所长潘登科研究员创立了成都中科奥格生物科技有限公司,旨在打造 “未来器官工厂”,开发可供人体移植的异种器官、生物医用材料、疾病模型实验猪等等。

潘登科研究员

据悉,中科奥格目前已培育了十余种基因修饰的人源化供体猪,为猪-猴异种器官移植临床前试验提供各种供体。在多基因修饰的人源化猪组织器官(肝脏、肾脏、胰岛)移植到非人灵长类取得了一系列重大进展。

对于此次猪心脏移植患者的死亡,潘登科研究员表示:“人类首例同种心脏移植仅存活18天,但彻底改变了当时器官移植的老格局。今天,人类首例基因工程猪异种心脏移植存活了两个月整,无疑也可以改变这一领域的新格局。”

原始出处:

Lijin Zou, Youlai Zhang, Ying He, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Viable Selective Germline Genome Edited Pigs Skin Xenotransplants in Patients with Thermal Burns. medRxiv, 2022.

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056445, encodeId=6fd02056445a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1e7681e809' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪器官移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68178, encryptionId=f1e7681e809, topicName=猪器官移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c49e75, createdName=qjddjq, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 03:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1744751, encodeId=c0851e44751e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f2c246e23b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人体实验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24672, encryptionId=4f2c246e23b, topicName=人体实验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1aa635427520, createdName=echonoir, createdTime=Tue Oct 11 13:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1968487, encodeId=91c5196848e4c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a57f208660f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#世界首例#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20866, encryptionId=a57f208660f, topicName=世界首例)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=917c196, createdName=sjzlzc007, createdTime=Thu Dec 01 19:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220892, encodeId=1aa21220892de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4b054982436' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#异种移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49824, encryptionId=4b054982436, topicName=异种移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Thu May 19 11:25:20 CST 2022, time=2022-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391286, encodeId=b70b1391286f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06031149070' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#medRxiv#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11490, encryptionId=06031149070, topicName=medRxiv)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=101c2500074, createdName=124987e8m07暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 12:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555340, encodeId=ae77155534037, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f367681e434' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68174, encryptionId=f367681e434, topicName=猪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ec214601917, createdName=muzishouyi, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 12:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1611493, encodeId=2dec161149317, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 12:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1625672, encodeId=661116256e2c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1d813e2239c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#去世#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37223, encryptionId=1d813e2239c, topicName=去世)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cf720829073, createdName=psybestwish, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 12:43:09 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2022-03-12 muzishouyi
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